Photo by Tony Greco.
经过David DeStefano
Firefighters develop both good and bad habits, from their first tour of duty until their last. Usually, these habits are the result of repeating a course of action that has been successful during previous incidents. Because most of our “bread and butter” fires occur in single and small multidwellings with numerous points of ventilation and egress, some firefighters may develop complacency for the limitations of their air supply and lack of awareness of egress points.
This lack of awareness may cause life-threatening problems when firefighters are faced with incidents of prolonged zero visibility because of heavy smoke conditions in occupancies that are large in size, complex in layout, or provide few openings for egress or ventilation. The following points of awareness are important while operating at all fires, but they become crucial when members are working at incidents of prolonged zero visibility or limited options for egress.
Identification
为了确定将在较长的零可视环境中导致安全操作的心态，消防员必须首先确定潜在的危害。可能会想到许多居住者，例如仓库，工业大楼或零售超市。尽管这些建筑物可能是有限进入和出口，大/复杂的布局以及困难的通风场景的候选人，但您可能会忽略某些司法管辖区的更常见居住。
A cellar fire private dwelling or a fire in any occupancy with boarded windows may create an environment that is difficult to vent and presents challenges to egress. Members operating in these situations must realize that it will take time to remove all the window covers and heat, and smoke may not readily lift from belowgrade fires. Also, even small scale commercial occupancies may feature layouts that are time consuming and confusing to navigate.
有关的
Robinson on Wayfinding in Zero Visibility
Mitchell Jr. on Reducing Visibility
方向出口
到达事件时必须立即开始出口的方向。在初次进入之前，要为门和窗户，窗户，安全条，门或登机的窗户进行外部尺寸。请注意，任何开口的位置相对于可疑的火灾座位和建筑物的配置，以便在火灾攻击期间使用，以计划进入以及可能紧急撤回。
保持继续取向th出口点roughout interior operations. Engine company firefighters have a hoseline to follow back to their original point of entry. However, if that option is the only means of escape, give special attention to keeping that path available at all times. You can position an additional hose team at a key stairwell or corridor, and you can station a member at the entry point to monitor conditions. Firefighters performing searches must maintain extra vigilance to note the location of the nearby engine company or other units. In addition, they must be sure to communicate any additional points of egress or areas of refuge they encounter during the search. Further, all units must maintain company integrity do not allow any member to lose contact or stray from the path of the search or hoseline advance.
位置和火的程度
Although monitoring the location, extent, and likely path of fire spread are always high priority orientation points during a firefight, the importance of this information is magnified when the options for rapid withdrawal are limited and the visibility may remain at almost zero for the duration of the active firefight. In many structures common to prolonged zero-visibility fires, companies that make errors in judgement such as passing fire or losing track of the route of spread and extent of fire may find themselves cut off with no viable means of escape. Company officers must factor in the conditions at hand with “sit-reps” from other units and updates from command, then use their best judgement based on the access/egress profile when committing to operations deep into this environment.
Fire Attack and Ventilation
With the ever-growing awareness of how ventilation affects fire spread, all companies operating at a prolonged zero-visibility fire must evaluate how their actions may affect the growth or suppression of a fire. In scenarios with limited ventilation, allowing an opening to remain uncontrolled without adequate water applied to the fire may cause a rapid increase in fire intensity and direction of travel toward that opening. This scenario could be disastrous for the first-in engine and truck making their way in from that point to begin fire attack and search operations.
While the stretch is being made, you must control and monitor the ventilation (often the same as the egress point). Also, make preparations for staging a line at that point, in addition to the standard backup line that follows the attack line. If the initial access point will serve as the only point of ventilation for an extended period of time, coordination with the fire attack company is crucial before this access is allowed to remain open. This path must also remain as clear as possible for rapid withdrawal of interior units.
空气供应/出口时间的限制
在当前空气管理标准下运行的消防员比过去更敏锐地意识到入口，工作和出口时间。但是，放弃声音空气管理原则的价格通常是最高的零可见性事件。在浓烟和/或高热条件下，可能不会从出口远处经历成员的经历。需要在公司级别进行培训和纪律，以确保单位保持在一起，并开始以适当的空气供应时间退出危险区域。事件指挥官还必须认识到人员对人员的流失，并足够迅速地发出其他警报，以保持现场安全有效的人员配备。很多时候，由于在这种性质的占用中进行攻击，公司可能不会旋转康复工作。
至关重要的是，正确确定在这些火灾期间进行操作之前，在进行操作之前会导致长时间的零可见性条件。一旦公司意识到自己的访问和出口可能非常有限，并且可能以零的可见性运行（即使在大火之后），他们可以在进行室内消防时使用其定向技能来保持最佳安全性。188金博网网址多少此外，在整个事件中，您必须保持对空气供应和公司完整性的认识。
David DeStefano是北普罗维登斯（RI）消防局的26年资深人士，在那里担任Ladder Co.的队长1.他以前被任命为梯子1和Engine 3的中尉，以及一名梯子的消防员。master’s degree in public administration and a bachelor’s degree in fire science. He is an instructor/coordinator for the Rhode Island Fire Academy and teaches a variety of fire service topics throughout Southern New England. He can be reached atdmd2334@cox.net.
