There is always a lot of speculation about discharge flows,friction loss，“过度”伸展，泵能力。通常，这些对话围绕摩擦损失计算，软管直径，尖端尺寸所需的压力等。结果至少在我的经验中，是一个在泵板上的泵司机，在大型火灾中，他的头部旋转。在破碎的仪表之间，不同长度的不同尺寸的软管和不同的提示，而且收音机吹嘘“更加压力”，司机不知道哪种方式倾斜，而不将泵放入空化。
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Rather than tackle any of these sizable issues—for real-life circumstance will never abate them and it would be presumptive of me to do so—I’ll focus on the smaller things we can do on the inside, on the line, that can help determine our flow and tell us if we have a quality, maneuverable, optimal stream. Aided by these clues, the pump chauffeur on the outside is helped with the required “calculations.” If you know the stream you are working with, you can widen or narrow the scope within which your pumper can operate additional lines. We’ll never change hydraulics, but we can manipulate its rules.
(1)Photos by author.
流是渗透和抑制的吗？This is an obvious clue and perhaps the biggest. Picture yourself with a 1¾-inch line at a double-door entrance to a burning dining room, hall, and kitchen. The rear windows have failed, and the fire needs the push of the line to get itself out the windows. When the line is opened, it should almost look like the fire is “running away” from the stream. At least, that’s the way I have always seen it. An adequate, modest 150 gallons per minute (gpm) or so should accomplish this with no problem (photo 1). We have all said, “Wow, it sure went out fast” or “It sure doesn’t take much.” However, I’m sure we have all at one time or another opened a weak stream on an involved area.
Don’t confuse this with too much fire for the single line; although the stream looks adequate and has some weight to it, the fire seems to wrap around the stream. Or, occasionally, the fire darkens in a small area and immediately returns when the line is moved. This should not happen in a well-ventilated, modest compartment fire. You must be able to accurately tell how quickly and how much fire a good stream will suppress while you are working, aside from a book chart that says, “3-4 rooms of knockdown … 1 floor of knockdown ….” You need to judge the fire size, anticipate possible other causes, chase the kinks, and so forth, and then consider calling for more pressure. The member at the panel just needs to know that he has to increase the pressure, not a specific number.
Is the team being unduly punished?Engine members get beat up; that’s the way it is. But if you know that you have a standardized approach of sorts and everyone is doing everything correctly, barring the presence of accelerants or hidden fire, the feel of “the push” should be pretty constant. If your crew is first in, this is where you want your strongest stream. If you are opening and plugging along but are taking a severe beating doing so, regardless of the type of residence, you need more ventilation or more water.
在线，您对立即通风的控制充其量有限，但您实际上与水输出相关。如果您遇到更多的热量并比预期的较慢的敲低，再次，呼叫可能是更大的压力。从内部呼叫，您将在该泵作为工程师的输出中具有多大权限。
Ensure the nozzleman has the bail fully opened. Time and again, you will see a nozzle half-opened for ease of operation. Although in other situations this may be all right, it is not when first putting water on fire. If this is the issue, open the bail fully and gauge the response.
Nozzle reaction and pliability. Whether you are flowing a combination nozzle that “requires” 100 pounds per square inch (psi) at the tip or a smooth bore that requires 50 psi, after some time, the “feel” of a good stream becomes second nature. Nozzle reaction for a smooth bore is a little more manageable,直到你开始冠冕压力天花板.正如承诺，在没有提供数字的情况下，一旦流畅的孔过压，就没有宽恕，喷嘴反应呈指数级增长并超越组合。
If the line is not pushing back, it’s not throwing enough water. You may have a decent looking stream, perhaps one that is fairly linear, but it’s not good enough. And, with today’s fire loads, continually operating with a line like this is a mistake: Waiting for a savior from another line is costly, and backing out is unacceptable. If you are on the nozzle, you need to recognize this as soon as the stream opens and communicate back so that the team can radio the engineer and help him out. It should be cumbersome but not overwhelming.
Pliability.这表明足够的压力,你可以看到without opening the line. Small and mid-diameter lines should be firm but not wholly rigid. If you give a 1¾-inch line a wide-angled turn around a bend, perhaps along the base of a wall, and it automatically flexes itself straight again, there is a good chance that the line is overpressurized. The line should make bends easily without creasing. The jacket should maintain its form on turns, around stair bends, and over banisters and be ox-bowed along walls (photo 2). If you notice easy creasing as you stretch in, anticipate that the stream will be weak (photo 3). Be ready for it.
如果线过于死板或如磐石般坚韧,熊道n and dig in when you get ready to open up because it may be overpressurized. While opening the line, have a partner directly behind you, but this is not always feasible. Alternatively, brace yourself against a wall, kitchen island, sofa, or windowsill.
Another good measure is the “arm’s length” test. With the line in a good attack position, about an arm’s length ahead of you, it should not sag much. When you open it, it shouldn’t sag at all. If it does, it’s weak, so let someone know.
大气层。与火灾被击倒的速度类似，流扰乱和推出大气的流量是流状态的线索。例如，在雾通风中，无论是使用它的后记还是增益轴承，如果流不迅速纳入烟雾和热量，你可能会更好地做一点。一个光滑的钻孔尖端不会破坏thermal balance尽可能多地作为组合喷嘴，但攻击应该推动大气。简而言之，消防局应该在某些情况下将大气推向您，然后你应该感到浮雕。感觉应该简短：在变得更好之前变得更糟。意识到这一点。
(2)
（3）
If the heat level is stagnating or lifting too slowly, you need a more powerful stream or more ventilation or there is more fire area than you think. If you have eliminated most causes and the atmosphere is still punishing you, call for more water. You can anticipate this need somewhat beforehand; a hoarder apartment vs. a vacant one feels distinctly different. A contents-and-wall fire will not be as oppressive as one in a long hallway with limited windows. Be ready to make the call for the best stream that the situation requires.
第三级流能力。In addition to knockdown efficiency, any adequate hose stream should accomplish some other tasks readily. If these things are slowed or not accomplished at all, the stream needs some strengthening. With joist, stud, and window trimming, a good stream should be able to trim these nicely, blasting off charred wood and loose debris, and even penetrate spliced portions. The line should easily push out embers and char and ensure that pocketed portions are deeply soaked.
（4）
如果您的溪流只是“润湿”区域，那就不够好了。凭借天花板和阁楼空间，良好的溪流应该没有任何问题爆破所有绝缘，从而节省了卡车队的一些努力。绝缘，湿墙板等应不能与充分加压的流匹配。再次，没有数字。如果您的流轻松完成此壮举，则足够好。你不必能够从墙壁上剥去涂料，但是，需要一些力量。一些其他示例包括易于破碎的掉落瓦片，当物流在与它们相对的方向上成角度时，爆破瓦片，屋顶材料容易，穿透床垫和汽车座垫的宽度和长度而没有问题，并且容易迫使沉重的氛围无论风条件如何，汽车都从自身射击。
The stream itself.Watching the stream can tell quite a bit; picking up the clues it offers can help the operator at the panel. A straight stream should not be breaking up along its length and fragmenting. If it’s breaking or losing volume along its length, it’s probably not at optimal pressure. If it is “spitting” back at you from the nozzle tip, it means water cannot get out fast enough; it’s overpressurized. Often, a sideways “X” stream accompanies this. A smooth bore stream should lose none of its volume along its length; if you see this over short stream distance, the pressure is not enough. A spitting, machine-gun flow from the tip is from the water bouncing off itself trying to get out—too much pressure against the baffle (photo 4).
但最好的指标是你。你的团队可以处理什么？火迅速出去了吗？你可以轻松移动这条线吗？该流是生产所需效果，确定您是否需要呼叫更多的水/较少的水。所有其他都是补充的。
Almost as important, let the outside members know when the fire is darkened down in your area. The member at the gates may very well be about to charge another line and hesitate. If you can supply those precious psi from the inside, do it. Things happen so quickly that if you can get ahead of some of these problems, you allow the operator at the panel to overcome them. Numbers are great, but don’t let them paint the engineer into a corner. He should be able to松散follow the guidelines: Engage the pump, drop the tank, hook up, pull the gate, and wait. Additional water from accompanying lines needs to be considered and acknowledged. Suppression lay with a concerted effort and communication.
Make no mistake: Selection on arrival is paramount. No amount of feedback or information from the line itself will make up for selecting too small a line. That said, calculated, not frenzied, communication by way of observation on the inside is a crucial but often overlooked part of pump operations.
ALEXANDER DEGNANis a captain in Squad Co. 4 of the Jersey City (NJ) Fire Department, where he has served since 2005. Squad 4 is an engine company assigned to the 4th Battalion and responds to fire assignments as an engine.
