By Salvatore Ancona
For many years, buildings of ordinary construction have been at the forefront of mixed occupancies used for commercial-residential applications. Main Street USA often presents firefighters with a building with a storefront as its ground level occupancies and multiple dwellings in the succeeding floors above with combustible interior structural elements. In recent years the explosion of podium wood-frame multiple dwellings has given the industry the ability to build combustible buildings in a mid-rise application that are compliant with the International Building Code (IBC). The nature of these structures does not change for us, except for the fact that they have taken combustible multiple dwellings and put them in the air.
领奖台木材框架多个住宅是使用两种建筑施工分类的复合结构。建筑的讲台或底座采用I型（防火）钢筋混凝土构造。讲台最高可达三个故事。这可以用作商业，停车位或两者。要求讲台至少有三小时的防火等级。关于上述建筑分类，讲台将在与防火建筑物相同的情况下在火灾条件下采取行动：内容物将被摧毁，并且在没有长时间燃烧的情况下，将恢复。在2015年IBC下，该结构最多可达8个故事或85英尺高，具有多个领奖台。例如，如果使用双讲台，那么可以建立在上面的六个木框架占用率的故事。这超越了普通构造的七个故事的正常有限高度。讲台上方的楼层使用可燃（V）结构。 The wood-frame occupancies for residential use are constructed with platform design and use tie rods and compression studs at shear panels for connection to the podium. While peaked roofs are used, you will often find flat roofs with resident usable space. These structures can have upwards of 180 units.
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消防员面临的问题通常不是讲台空间，而是使用上面的楼层使用可燃结构。在FDIC International 2019年，一个圆桌会议的小组讨论适当地命名为“天空中的火：关于讲台上的小组讨论的小组框架多个住宅”越过了关于讲台上的多个住宅问题的问题。面板成员认为，由于结构本身的重火负载和空隙空间，这些结构中的火灾行程可能是灾难性的，这使得垂直和水平的火焰蔓延。管道追逐和实用通道是未受保护的可燃空隙空间，使火灾垂直地垂直于屋顶行驶。与大多数私人住宅的公寓一样，单位的厨房和洗手间空间使用常用公用事业通道互相对接。另一个问题是上行可燃楼层的托梁通道。无论是我托梁，木桁架还是尺寸木材，都可以在托梁频道水平旅行，桁架阁楼畅通无阻。小组企业比尔甘汀将此作为“水平气球框架”。当涉及到屋顶时，当火灾进入阁楼或进入阁楼空间时，看到我们输掉了建筑物并不罕见。火灾可以跨越建筑物一旦进入阁楼空间。
The main issue is the life hazard associated with these multiple dwellings. Hundreds of occupants can become trapped in combustible units. While escape stairwells will be of fire-resistive construction, the hallways and units will not. A nighttime conflagration can become a serious rescue effort. It should be noted that these buildings will have sprinkler requirements based on the occupancy types, which, love them or hate them, will certainly work to our advantage. The issue faced is unprotected combustible void spaces, which will most likely not be sprinkler protected. Something else to consider is a car fire within the fire resistive podium, where the products of combustion alone can move into staircases and elevator shafts and overcome victims on the floors above. Although fire spread from podium to residential units is uncommon, this can become a significant issue requiring a lot of manpower. As builders continue to push the envelope advocating for combustible materials in multiple dwellings, fire service professionals must keep up identifying the risks and formulating preplans. As environmentally friendly businesses continue to push back on concrete and steel and grasp for renewable materials that are often combustible, it is important to keep an eye out for the next trend in building construction. podium wood-frame multiple dwellings or so-called “Toothpick Towers” represent extreme conflagration potential that firefighters must be aware of.
SALVATORE ANCONAis a deputy chief fire instructor at the Nassau County (NY) Fire Service Academy; a former captain and training officer for the Bellmore (NY) Fire Department; and a paramedic supervisor in Queens, New York. He has an A.S. degree in fire science from Nassau Community College and is in the emergency services administration undergraduate program at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Ancona is the author ofthe building construction page “The Sons of Brannigan” on Facebookand was a recipient of the 2019 FDIC International Honeywell DuPont Scholarship.
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