THE WATER SYSTEM AT SAN DIEGO

THE WATER SYSTEM AT SAN DIEGO

圣地亚哥加州（San Diego Cal。在某些方面独特且有价值的系统的所有者。它被描述为美国唯一的市政供水系统，可以在一个车站的同一天挑选橙子，然后在另一个车站滚动。在干砂和另一个遇到危险的洪水上的一点点越过同一条河。从近一英里高的地方，从海平面上方的沼泽地上剪下的固体花岗岩砍伐的道路行驶；在哪里可以看到岩石峡谷和高耸的山峰，宽阔的肥沃山谷和广阔的台面，以及在不断发展的城市中心的60英里圈内。该系统的特性包括11,000英亩的土地，包括小溪床，水库地点，水坝，导管，抽水厂，过滤厂，管道线，道路，住宅，耕地，林木，林区，岩石峡谷和山坡。1910年，如1913年的水务部报告所述，水务部门负责人的赫伯特·R·费伊（Herbert R. Fay）。Peublo Lands and Forestry and a member of the Common Council, advocated the purchase of the company’s properties and from that beginning San Diego now controls a water system valued at about $4,000,000, which when fully developed, will have a capacity of about 20,000,000 gallons daily delivery from mountain to meter. The city voted in 1912 to purchase the system as it then was. For $2,500,000.00 the Southern California Mountain Water Compaany turned over to the city all their system with the exception of the Morena Dam, reservoir, lands and improvements thereon. This Morena portion they leased to the city for ten years at $67,500.00 a year rental, payable monthly with privilege to buy within the ten years for $1,500,000.00. The city could not then bond itself for the $4,000,000.00 asked for the system entire, so arranged to bond for $2,500,000.00; take option and lease the balance. In this purchase the city received lands at Pine Valley, Barrett reservoir site, Upper and Lower Otay reservoirs, Chollas reservoir andFiltration plant. Marron Valley, Harvey Ranch, Dulzura Summit, Telegraph Canyon, along the Cottonwood, Pine Valley, Otay and Dulzura Creeks and along the Dulzura Conduit and Otay-San Diego pipe lines, together with the easements, rights-of-way, and riparian rights transferable, and the reservoirs, dams, plants, works, improvements, tools, stock, contracts. etc., appertaining thereto. Impounding capacity of system purchased, as developed. 14,180,000,000 gallons; Morena, 15,000,000,000; Total 29,180,000,000. Delivering capacity, of filtered water, at gravity, 7,250,000 gallons per day. Delivery capacity, of filtered water, under pressure, 9,500,000 gallons per day. In 1913 the sum of $705,000.00 was voted to improve the system, the improvements adding an impounding capacity of 15,000,000 gallons and a further delivering capacity of filtered water by gravity of 7,250,000 galllons daily. The Chollas Heights dam was built in the year 1901. It is of the earth filled type with steel core; having a capacity when filled of 90,000,000 gallons. The elevation of the top of the dam is 432 feet and the elevation of the bottom of the reservoir and the outlet is 390 feet. The area of the reservoir when filled is 17.71 acres. It is kept as a reserve supply in case of accident to the pipe line between Chollas and Lower Otay. This reservoir is fed by a 30-inch pipe front Lower Otay, a 24-inch branch leading to Chollas Heights Reservoir and another branch from this "Y” leading directly to town. From the branch that leads to town a valve regulates the flow, cither into the Filtering plant or direct to town with the filters on the by-pass. The filtration plant building is constructed of a wood frame covered with galvanized corrugated iron. The filters, having a capacity of seven and a quarter million gallons, consist of two batteries of five filters each. These filters are twenty feet long and eight feet in diameter and arc of the type known as the New York Jewell pressure filter. The sand used in these filters is from Cape May, New Jersey. The Lower Otay dam was started in 1887 and finished in 1897. It is of the rock filled type with steel core. The capacity when filled has been given from time to time as thirteen billion gallons, although it actually holds, when filled to the top, eleven and onehalf billion galllons. The elevation of the top of the dam is 467 feet, while the outlet is at an elevation of 400 feet. The top of the dam is about 124 feet above the original bed of the river. Lower Otay reservoir when filled covers an area of 1,000 acres and the adjacent water shed has an area of eighty square miles. The average rainfall, taken for the last eight years, is 12.19 inches, while the average runoff on this watershed for the last eight years is 60.5 acre feet per square mile. This reservoir is used not only as an imponding reservoir for the adjacent watershed but is a receiving reservoir for the discharge of the Dulzura Conduit which takes the drainage of the Cottonwood Watersheds. The Upper Otay dam was built in the year 1901. It is located just two and one-half miles north of the Lower Otay Dam. It is of the arch concrete type with a capacity when filled of one billion and ninety million gallons. The elevation of the top of the dam is 555 feet, the elevation of the outlet is 521 feet and the elevation of the top of the dam above the creek bed is 77 feet. The area of the reservoir when filled is 178 acres. The area of the watershed is twenty square miles and the average annual rainfall and run-off per square mile is very similar to that of Lower Otay reservoir. Water from the lower Otay is delivered through about twenty miles of pipe consisting of about two and onehalf miles of 40-inch pipe, which delivers to Coronado and the San Diego supplies; six and one-half miles of 36-inch wood stave pipe, which leads from the end of the 40-inch pipe towards the east to a point above Bonita in the Sweetwater Valley. Here the pipe reduces to a small stretch of 32-inch and from there to over 29,000 feet of 30-inch wood stave pipe terminating at the Chollas Heights Filtering Plant. From the Chollas Heights Filtering Plant to the University Heights reservoir the water is dclivred through a 24-inch pipe. Owing to the great growth of San Diego and the gradual reduction of the reservoir level, the delivery capacity of this pipe has long avo become inadequate. Water is passed from the Cottonwood watershed to the Otay watershed by means of what is known as Dulzura Conduit. This conduit is thirteen and one-third miles long. It was built in the years 1907 to 1909. It was excavated mostly in disintegrated granite, and lined with about 4 inches of concrete, the bottom being left unlincd. Along the last stretch of this conduit there are seventeen tunnels excavated through solid granite. These tunnels are all unlined and in some places cave-ins have occurred which will have to be repaired. There are twenty-two wooden flumes which are in need of repair in certain places. The capacity of the conduit is 60 second feet or about forty million gallons per day. The elevation of the inlet is 1,506 feet. There is a drop of about 52 feet in the total length of the conduit which is equivalent to about one foot in one-thousand feet. The Dulzura Conduit receives its supply front the upper Cottonwood Creek on the East and the Pine Creek on the N'orth. The upper Cottonwood Creek delivers all the water impounded in Morena Reservoir, which is situated eight miles to the cast of the junction of Pine and Cottonwood creeks. The proposed Barret dam is located in Section 22, Township 17, just below the junction of Pine Valley and Cottonwood Creek. There is a small dam onequarter of a mile below the proposed dam site which was constructed to a height of five feet above the present river bottom. After constructing to this height they abandoned this site and started a dam at a little high'-r level because it was presumed that bed-rock could be obtained more readily. A large amount of excavating has been made at the lower site without obtaining bed-rock. On the upper site several shafts have been sunk with the result that in some of these no bedrock has been found whatsoever. During the past year a tunnel 144 feet long has been drilled through an excellent quality of granite. A dam impounding fifteen billion gallons would have an elevaation at the top of 1,081 feet, the outlet at the Dulzura Conduit would be 1,500 feet. The distance to bed-rock below the sand in the creek bed is not known. There are 135 square miles of watershd back of this proposed dam site. The average annual rainfall for the last five years is 16.34 inches at Barrett Dam site. The average run-off per square mile for the last eight years is 78.3 acre feet. The eight miles of creek bed between Barrett and Morena for the lower stretch is covered with deep sand a n d overgrown with cottonwoods, willows and tulle swamps of large areas which absorb vast quantities of the water flowing from tlhe Morena reservoir down to the Dulzura Conduit. The Morena Reservoir is located in Township 17 south. The elevation of the top of the dam is 3,032 feet, the outlet elevation is 2,930.50 feet and the elevation of the top of the dam above the creek bed is 145 feet. It is of the rock filled type with a concrete facing on the upstream side, having a capacitty of 15,000,000,000 gallons. An auxiliary boosting pump of 8,000,000 gallons capacity had been ordered by the company to be installled close to the University Heights reservoir with a view to take care of any tendency toward water shortage until 1915. This provision was found to be inadequate. There was plenty' of water in Lower Otay reservoir, but the pipe line capacity under gravity was not sufficient to bring the water into town. In his report for the year Superintendent Fay tells how this condition was met. The problem was to go back on the 24-inch line far enough to be sure that suction would not cause a vacuum on the line, resulting in a collapse. It was figured that going 12,000 feet back from the 30th street pipe line would give sufficient static head to insure a pressure at all times on the pump suction. Another 200 feet was added for safety, as it was of the utmost importance that nothing should happen to this one and only line into town. A 10-inch wrought iron pipe was laid parallel with the wood stave in East San Diego and connected with the high pressure distributing pipes from the University Heights reservoir. In Superintendent Fay’s report he says: “We crossed five gulleys, some of them very steep. In order to have the pipe conform to the contour of the ground it had to be heated and bent in position. There were very few pipe tongs of a size necessary for assembling this pipe; the consequence was the City had to borrow from the Sweetwater Water Company and the Gas Company and lengthen our 8 inch size pipe tongs so they accommodated the additional diameter. Sharp bends were made by a number of short lengths of bell-and-spigot pipe. Where the sections being laid by the different gangs met cast iron pipes were used as sleeves. These acted as contraction and expansion joints. In fact, there was so much contraction when the water was turned in that one of the joints pulled apart about 2 inches and was repaired, without taking out all the water, by using a 12 inch pipe as a sleeve. To put this on it was necessary to jack one section out of line. Kerosene was poured in and as much lead poured as possible. Following the installation of the auxiliary booster the contract for the permanent booster pumps at Chollas Heights was let. The type of pump selected for this service w'as of the duplex two-stage design or one in which the intake was divided through two low pressure cases mounted on either side of. and discharged into, a common high pressure discharge case. The pump operated with an entire absence of vibration and the pressures established by its operation along the entire length of the 15 mile pipe line on which it is installed came w'ithin one and a half feet of that calculated by the Hydraulic Engineer. There has been no trouble whatsoever since the installation of this pump, although our water consumption has reached as high as twelve and one-half million gallons, on the 17th of September. Inasmuch as it is advisable to filter the water at certain times of the year, an item of $60,000.00 was included in the late bond issue for the installation of mechanical type of filters. These filters will be practically the same as those already installed at Chollas Heights Filtration Plant, with certain improvements which are deemed necessary at this time. On account of the water in the Lower Otay going down in the early part of the year and there being practically no run-off, it w'as decided to let the waters of Morena down through the Cottonwood into the Dulzura Conduit and thence through Dulzura Creek into the Lower Otay. This w’as started on March 27, 1913, and finished on May 6, a period of 39 days. A time was selected when the bed of the canyon was moist with rain. There was an accurate weir at the outlet of Morena dam, on which measurements of the discharge from Morena Dam were kept. A weir was located at the lower end of the Dulzura Conduit and a further record was kept where the waters entered the Lower Otay Reservoir. There was a total amount of 1,183,359,427 gallons let from Morena Reservoir, and of this amount 658,192,527 gallons reached the end of the conduit, showing a loss of 44.4 per cent, in transit. The loss through this conduit is not known, but it probably varied between 5 and 10 per cent., so it may be safely stated that 40 per cent, of the Morena Water was lost in passing through the bed of Cottonwood Creek before it reached the Dulzura Conduit. There was a total loss of 48.8 per cent., or practically one-half of the water that left Morena reached the Low.er Otay Reservoir. At the price at which water is sold in the city, this loss would represent $57/778.00, and at the price this water cost the Water Department it would be $133,000.00 for this one season. In order to curtail this loss as far as posssible, $185,000.00 was voted in bonds for the purpose of constructing an aqueduct from a point about one and one-half miles below Morena to the intake of the present Dulzura Conduit. The report for 1913 says that the mode of supply is gravity. The estimated total population at date, is 80,000; estimated population supplied, 80,000; total consumption for the year, 2,503,962,800 gallons; passed through meters, 2,106,603,059 gallons; percentage of consumption metered, 100 per cent.; average daily consumption, 6,860,172 gallons; gallons per day to each inhabitant, 85.75 gallons; gallons per day to each consumer, 85.75 gallons; gallons per day to each tap, 507.52 gallons; cost of supplying water, per million gallons, figured on total maintenance plus interest on the value of the property, $198.00; cost of supplying water, per million gallons, figured on total maintenance, 10c. per 1.000 gallons. The total amount filtered per year was 2,501,660,000 gallons. When the original distributing system was purchased in 1901 the revenue amounted to $32,766.65 for five months, or about $72,000 yearly. The receipts for the year 1913 were $445,388.47, showing an increase of $158,706.80 over the receipts of last year. This is mostly on account of the taking over of the impounding system and getting revenues from new sources, although expenditures on account of the burden put upon the department have increased accordingly. The department has an employment plan whereby no one but a taxpayer or a registered voter of this city can obtain work, thus giving employment to those who aid in maintaining the city. During the past year the officials of the department have held many “gettogether” meetings and “instruction talks” where all phases of department work have been discussed and ideas presented towards more closely interlinking the several units.

圣地亚哥加州（San Diego Cal。在某些方面独特且有价值的系统的所有者。它被描述为美国唯一的市政供水系统，可以在一个车站的同一天挑选橙子，然后在另一个车站滚动。在干砂和另一个遇到危险的洪水上的一点点越过同一条河。从近一英里高的地方，从海平面上方的沼泽地上剪下的固体花岗岩砍伐的道路行驶；在哪里可以看到岩石峡谷和高耸的山峰，宽阔的肥沃山谷和广阔的台面，以及在不断发展的城市中心的60英里圈内。该系统的特性包括11,000英亩的土地，包括小溪床，水库地点，水坝，导管，抽水厂，过滤厂，管道线，道路，住宅，耕地，林木，林区，岩石峡谷和山坡。1910年，如1913年的水务部报告所述，水务部门负责人的赫伯特·R·费伊（Herbert R. Fay）。Peublo Lands and Forestry and a member of the Common Council, advocated the purchase of the company’s properties and from that beginning San Diego now controls a water system valued at about $4,000,000, which when fully developed, will have a capacity of about 20,000,000 gallons daily delivery from mountain to meter. The city voted in 1912 to purchase the system as it then was. For $2,500,000.00 the Southern California Mountain Water Compaany turned over to the city all their system with the exception of the Morena Dam, reservoir, lands and improvements thereon. This Morena portion they leased to the city for ten years at $67,500.00 a year rental, payable monthly with privilege to buy within the ten years for $1,500,000.00. The city could not then bond itself for the $4,000,000.00 asked for the system entire, so arranged to bond for $2,500,000.00; take option and lease the balance. In this purchase the city received lands at Pine Valley, Barrett reservoir site, Upper and Lower Otay reservoirs, Chollas reservoir andFiltration plant. Marron Valley, Harvey Ranch, Dulzura Summit, Telegraph Canyon, along the Cottonwood, Pine Valley, Otay and Dulzura Creeks and along the Dulzura Conduit and Otay-San Diego pipe lines, together with the easements, rights-of-way, and riparian rights transferable, and the reservoirs, dams, plants, works, improvements, tools, stock, contracts. etc., appertaining thereto. Impounding capacity of system purchased, as developed. 14,180,000,000 gallons; Morena, 15,000,000,000; Total 29,180,000,000. Delivering capacity, of filtered water, at gravity, 7,250,000 gallons per day. Delivery capacity, of filtered water, under pressure, 9,500,000 gallons per day. In 1913 the sum of $705,000.00 was voted to improve the system, the improvements adding an impounding capacity of 15,000,000 gallons and a further delivering capacity of filtered water by gravity of 7,250,000 galllons daily. The Chollas Heights dam was built in the year 1901. It is of the earth filled type with steel core; having a capacity when filled of 90,000,000 gallons. The elevation of the top of the dam is 432 feet and the elevation of the bottom of the reservoir and the outlet is 390 feet. The area of the reservoir when filled is 17.71 acres. It is kept as a reserve supply in case of accident to the pipe line between Chollas and Lower Otay. This reservoir is fed by a 30-inch pipe front Lower Otay, a 24-inch branch leading to Chollas Heights Reservoir and another branch from this "Y” leading directly to town. From the branch that leads to town a valve regulates the flow, cither into the Filtering plant or direct to town with the filters on the by-pass. The filtration plant building is constructed of a wood frame covered with galvanized corrugated iron. The filters, having a capacity of seven and a quarter million gallons, consist of two batteries of five filters each. These filters are twenty feet long and eight feet in diameter and arc of the type known as the New York Jewell pressure filter. The sand used in these filters is from Cape May, New Jersey. The Lower Otay dam was started in 1887 and finished in 1897. It is of the rock filled type with steel core. The capacity when filled has been given from time to time as thirteen billion gallons, although it actually holds, when filled to the top, eleven and onehalf billion galllons. The elevation of the top of the dam is 467 feet, while the outlet is at an elevation of 400 feet. The top of the dam is about 124 feet above the original bed of the river. Lower Otay reservoir when filled covers an area of 1,000 acres and the adjacent water shed has an area of eighty square miles. The average rainfall, taken for the last eight years, is 12.19 inches, while the average runoff on this watershed for the last eight years is 60.5 acre feet per square mile. This reservoir is used not only as an imponding reservoir for the adjacent watershed but is a receiving reservoir for the discharge of the Dulzura Conduit which takes the drainage of the Cottonwood Watersheds. The Upper Otay dam was built in the year 1901. It is located just two and one-half miles north of the Lower Otay Dam. It is of the arch concrete type with a capacity when filled of one billion and ninety million gallons. The elevation of the top of the dam is 555 feet, the elevation of the outlet is 521 feet and the elevation of the top of the dam above the creek bed is 77 feet. The area of the reservoir when filled is 178 acres. The area of the watershed is twenty square miles and the average annual rainfall and run-off per square mile is very similar to that of Lower Otay reservoir. Water from the lower Otay is delivered through about twenty miles of pipe consisting of about two and onehalf miles of 40-inch pipe, which delivers to Coronado and the San Diego supplies; six and one-half miles of 36-inch wood stave pipe, which leads from the end of the 40-inch pipe towards the east to a point above Bonita in the Sweetwater Valley. Here the pipe reduces to a small stretch of 32-inch and from there to over 29,000 feet of 30-inch wood stave pipe terminating at the Chollas Heights Filtering Plant. From the Chollas Heights Filtering Plant to the University Heights reservoir the water is dclivred through a 24-inch pipe. Owing to the great growth of San Diego and the gradual reduction of the reservoir level, the delivery capacity of this pipe has long avo become inadequate. Water is passed from the Cottonwood watershed to the Otay watershed by means of what is known as Dulzura Conduit. This conduit is thirteen and one-third miles long. It was built in the years 1907 to 1909. It was excavated mostly in disintegrated granite, and lined with about 4 inches of concrete, the bottom being left unlincd. Along the last stretch of this conduit there are seventeen tunnels excavated through solid granite. These tunnels are all unlined and in some places cave-ins have occurred which will have to be repaired. There are twenty-two wooden flumes which are in need of repair in certain places. The capacity of the conduit is 60 second feet or about forty million gallons per day. The elevation of the inlet is 1,506 feet. There is a drop of about 52 feet in the total length of the conduit which is equivalent to about one foot in one-thousand feet. The Dulzura Conduit receives its supply front the upper Cottonwood Creek on the East and the Pine Creek on the N'orth. The upper Cottonwood Creek delivers all the water impounded in Morena Reservoir, which is situated eight miles to the cast of the junction of Pine and Cottonwood creeks. The proposed Barret dam is located in Section 22, Township 17, just below the junction of Pine Valley and Cottonwood Creek. There is a small dam onequarter of a mile below the proposed dam site which was constructed to a height of five feet above the present river bottom. After constructing to this height they abandoned this site and started a dam at a little high'-r level because it was presumed that bed-rock could be obtained more readily. A large amount of excavating has been made at the lower site without obtaining bed-rock. On the upper site several shafts have been sunk with the result that in some of these no bedrock has been found whatsoever. During the past year a tunnel 144 feet long has been drilled through an excellent quality of granite. A dam impounding fifteen billion gallons would have an elevaation at the top of 1,081 feet, the outlet at the Dulzura Conduit would be 1,500 feet. The distance to bed-rock below the sand in the creek bed is not known. There are 135 square miles of watershd back of this proposed dam site. The average annual rainfall for the last five years is 16.34 inches at Barrett Dam site. The average run-off per square mile for the last eight years is 78.3 acre feet. The eight miles of creek bed between Barrett and Morena for the lower stretch is covered with deep sand a n d overgrown with cottonwoods, willows and tulle swamps of large areas which absorb vast quantities of the water flowing from tlhe Morena reservoir down to the Dulzura Conduit. The Morena Reservoir is located in Township 17 south. The elevation of the top of the dam is 3,032 feet, the outlet elevation is 2,930.50 feet and the elevation of the top of the dam above the creek bed is 145 feet. It is of the rock filled type with a concrete facing on the upstream side, having a capacitty of 15,000,000,000 gallons. An auxiliary boosting pump of 8,000,000 gallons capacity had been ordered by the company to be installled close to the University Heights reservoir with a view to take care of any tendency toward water shortage until 1915. This provision was found to be inadequate. There was plenty' of water in Lower Otay reservoir, but the pipe line capacity under gravity was not sufficient to bring the water into town. In his report for the year Superintendent Fay tells how this condition was met. The problem was to go back on the 24-inch line far enough to be sure that suction would not cause a vacuum on the line, resulting in a collapse. It was figured that going 12,000 feet back from the 30th street pipe line would give sufficient static head to insure a pressure at all times on the pump suction. Another 200 feet was added for safety, as it was of the utmost importance that nothing should happen to this one and only line into town. A 10-inch wrought iron pipe was laid parallel with the wood stave in East San Diego and connected with the high pressure distributing pipes from the University Heights reservoir. In Superintendent Fay’s report he says: “We crossed five gulleys, some of them very steep. In order to have the pipe conform to the contour of the ground it had to be heated and bent in position. There were very few pipe tongs of a size necessary for assembling this pipe; the consequence was the City had to borrow from the Sweetwater Water Company and the Gas Company and lengthen our 8 inch size pipe tongs so they accommodated the additional diameter. Sharp bends were made by a number of short lengths of bell-and-spigot pipe. Where the sections being laid by the different gangs met cast iron pipes were used as sleeves. These acted as contraction and expansion joints. In fact, there was so much contraction when the water was turned in that one of the joints pulled apart about 2 inches and was repaired, without taking out all the water, by using a 12 inch pipe as a sleeve. To put this on it was necessary to jack one section out of line. Kerosene was poured in and as much lead poured as possible. Following the installation of the auxiliary booster the contract for the permanent booster pumps at Chollas Heights was let. The type of pump selected for this service w'as of the duplex two-stage design or one in which the intake was divided through two low pressure cases mounted on either side of. and discharged into, a common high pressure discharge case. The pump operated with an entire absence of vibration and the pressures established by its operation along the entire length of the 15 mile pipe line on which it is installed came w'ithin one and a half feet of that calculated by the Hydraulic Engineer. There has been no trouble whatsoever since the installation of this pump, although our water consumption has reached as high as twelve and one-half million gallons, on the 17th of September. Inasmuch as it is advisable to filter the water at certain times of the year, an item of $60,000.00 was included in the late bond issue for the installation of mechanical type of filters. These filters will be practically the same as those already installed at Chollas Heights Filtration Plant, with certain improvements which are deemed necessary at this time. On account of the water in the Lower Otay going down in the early part of the year and there being practically no run-off, it w'as decided to let the waters of Morena down through the Cottonwood into the Dulzura Conduit and thence through Dulzura Creek into the Lower Otay. This w’as started on March 27, 1913, and finished on May 6, a period of 39 days. A time was selected when the bed of the canyon was moist with rain. There was an accurate weir at the outlet of Morena dam, on which measurements of the discharge from Morena Dam were kept. A weir was located at the lower end of the Dulzura Conduit and a further record was kept where the waters entered the Lower Otay Reservoir. There was a total amount of 1,183,359,427 gallons let from Morena Reservoir, and of this amount 658,192,527 gallons reached the end of the conduit, showing a loss of 44.4 per cent, in transit. The loss through this conduit is not known, but it probably varied between 5 and 10 per cent., so it may be safely stated that 40 per cent, of the Morena Water was lost in passing through the bed of Cottonwood Creek before it reached the Dulzura Conduit. There was a total loss of 48.8 per cent., or practically one-half of the water that left Morena reached the Low.er Otay Reservoir. At the price at which water is sold in the city, this loss would represent $57/778.00, and at the price this water cost the Water Department it would be $133,000.00 for this one season. In order to curtail this loss as far as posssible, $185,000.00 was voted in bonds for the purpose of constructing an aqueduct from a point about one and one-half miles below Morena to the intake of the present Dulzura Conduit. The report for 1913 says that the mode of supply is gravity. The estimated total population at date, is 80,000; estimated population supplied, 80,000; total consumption for the year, 2,503,962,800 gallons; passed through meters, 2,106,603,059 gallons; percentage of consumption metered, 100 per cent.; average daily consumption, 6,860,172 gallons; gallons per day to each inhabitant, 85.75 gallons; gallons per day to each consumer, 85.75 gallons; gallons per day to each tap, 507.52 gallons; cost of supplying water, per million gallons, figured on total maintenance plus interest on the value of the property, $198.00; cost of supplying water, per million gallons, figured on total maintenance, 10c. per 1.000 gallons. The total amount filtered per year was 2,501,660,000 gallons. When the original distributing system was purchased in 1901 the revenue amounted to $32,766.65 for five months, or about $72,000 yearly. The receipts for the year 1913 were $445,388.47, showing an increase of $158,706.80 over the receipts of last year. This is mostly on account of the taking over of the impounding system and getting revenues from new sources, although expenditures on account of the burden put upon the department have increased accordingly. The department has an employment plan whereby no one but a taxpayer or a registered voter of this city can obtain work, thus giving employment to those who aid in maintaining the city. During the past year the officials of the department have held many “gettogether” meetings and “instruction talks” where all phases of department work have been discussed and ideas presented towards more closely interlinking the several units.