SAVING OUR OWN: TECHNIQUES FOR FIREFIGHTER RESCUES
瑞克·拉斯基（Rick Lasky）
Several years ago, I lost a good friend “in the line of duty.” As often happens, it was at a single-family dwelling fire. This had a serious impact on my life and changed my teaching direction. I wanted to be involved with programs that had a direct impact on a firefighter`s ability to survive on the fireground. The best way to do this is to share vital information concerning tragic incidents in which firefighters were killed or seriously injured. “In order for a firefighter to survive the dangers of firefighting, he must know how other firefighters have died or been seriously injured,” Vincent Dunn, a deputy chief in the City of New York (NY) Fire Department, states in Safety and Survival on the Fireground (Fire Engineering Books and Videos). What a valid statement!
讲师意识到
需要培训
A barely averted tragedy in the Chicago area a few years ago made it apparent to several of my fellow instructors and me that firefighters must be taught how to “save their own.” In this incident, a company was operating on a bowstring roof approximately one hour into an incident. Heavy fire was in the truss area, and visible fire was pushing from a vent hole. The firefighters were ordered to leave the roof. Shockingly, the company left a good roof and climbed onto the involved roof, which began to fail as they hurried down the ladder. The last firefighter, straddling the parapet, barely made it to the ladder. All of this was caught on video.
我们的讲师 - 所有“认证”计划中的教练都介绍了我们如何错过将处理桁架屋顶打交道的可怕历史。从那以后，我们一直在问学生：“ Hackensack发生了什么？”为了使他们意识到桁架屋顶的危险。在看到对这个问题的令人失望的回答之后，我们最终在程序中包括了一堂关于桁架的课程。
的工程师马克Langvardt丹佛的死亡(CO) Fire Department in September 1992 (Fire Engineering, April 1993) revealed another lesson that must be conveyed to firefighters so that lives can be saved. Langvardt`s death and the incident that led to it was published at the request of the fire department so that what happened that day could be shared with all firefighters. The lesson of this tragedy is that getting an unconscious member of average size out of an extremely tight space and through a window is terribly difficult–sometimes impossible.
In another tragedy, Firefighter John Nance of the Columbus (OH) Fire Department fell through a weakened floor into the basement of a commercial occupancy. Numerous attempts to rescue him failed. The rapidly advancing fire forced companies to back out. Some officers on the scene had to use great restraint to prevent personnel from going back into the raging fire.
确认需求
We began asking our students, “How many of you have practiced and drilled on rescuing a civilian?” Not surprisingly, all answered yes. But when asked, “How many of you have practiced or drilled on rescuing a firefighter?” about 95 percent of the respondents said that they had never practiced “saving our own”! For years, the University of Illinois Fire Service Institute has been providing programs that assist in developing fire service personnel from the recruit to the chief officer levels. There have been programs and articles available on this topic as well. Yet, it became apparent that there is a need for a program dedicated solely to responders saving themselves and each other. “Saving Our Own: Techniques for Firefighter Rescues” was born.
Putting together ideas for practical skill stations and classroom sessions was not difficult, since most of them were already being taught in our current programs. The difficult task was determining the information and skills that should be emphasized in a time-restricted class.
THE PILOT PROGRAM
试点项目是12小时,三个sessions taught over two days. It was first presented, on two separate days, during the June 1996 Illinois Fire College program. The pilot program was well-received.
Session 1, held in the classroom, introduced the program concept and goal. This began with a keynote speech by Captain John Norman, a program instructor and member of the City of New York (NY) Fire Department, and was followed by a review of an incident involving the loss of a firefighter and a close friend of the instructor`s (all instructors have lost a relative or close friend in the line of duty or they themselves have had a close call on the fireground), bringing home the concept that such a personal loss could happen anywhere to anyone.
会议的其余部分涵盖了以下主题：
火行为。
Flashover。
防护服：保护我们的方式以及了解其局限性的需求。
建筑建筑：识别桁架屋顶的危害并了解轻量级的结构。
Reviewing the incidents involving the deaths of Langvardt and Nance.
注意：在呈现案例研究时，没有试图指定责备或指尖。重点放在可以从该事件中学到的课程以及任何人可能发生的事实。学生也给学生留下了深刻的印象，即永远不应在地毯下扫除消防员或遗忘 - 相反，我们需要并且有义务与他人分享这种经验，以便所有人都可以从中学习，因此那个消防员的损失不会徒劳。
Session 2 was held on the Fire Service Institute`s training grounds. The students were rotated through the following practical stations:
Station 1 was a scenario similar to the incident that claimed the life of John Nance in Columbus. The students “rescued” an unconscious firefighter from a lower level or simulated basement using a knot, referred to as the “handcuff knot,” taught by John Norman.
Station 2 presented the students with a rescue task similar to the incident that claimed the life of Mark Langvardt in Denver.
站3分为两部分。在第1部分中，“救援人员”被要求将一个无意识的成员带到楼梯上。在第2部分中，他们将带一个昏迷的成员来楼梯。
在课堂上举行的第3届会议的第一部分致力于讨论学生在所有三个实践站遇到的困难。在本届会议的其余部分中涵盖了以下区域：
SCBA紧急情况。
Size-up, hitting on the proper reading of the building, the smoke, and the fire.
当“五月天”熄灭时，在火场上进行通信并控制火场。
问责制。
搜索es–techniques and problems, the “team search” concept.
Rapid intervention team–a detailed explanation of the concept; the tools needed; and, most of all, the positive attitude needed by the company assigned this task.
计划结果
我们收到了许多要求在校园内教该计划的请求。该计划扩展到16小时和24小时的计划，分别在两个或三个八个小时的课程中介绍。它在整个伊利诺伊州的20到25次之间提供了，并已在全国各地的消防部门（或其分裂）中介绍了它。（16小时的计划是消防部门最受欢迎的计划，因为在进行预算和计划调整时仅需要两个工作日。）新计划包括以下改编：
A section solely on the responsibilities of the rapid intervention team (RIT) officer was added to the module on the RIT.
添加了自我救援的模块。
The following demonstrations were added: breaching walls to get from one room to another to escape an advancing fire, entanglement hazards, tools, and additional SCBA survival techniques.
Additional practical stations were added, including the following:
–an emergency bailout from an upper floor using a personal rope.
–bailing out of an upper story window onto a ground ladder to escape an advancing fire. (See the February 1997 issue of Fire Engineering: the cover and Fire Focus, “Townhouse Fires.”)
- 使用地板拖动方法将无意识的消防员从上层移出，将遇险的成员移至窗户，然后向下和向下一个地面梯子。
This program was and continues to be a great success mainly because of the instructors` beliefs and dedication. The instructors used for this program all had a vested interest in this subject. As was already pointed out, all have lost a relative or close friend in the line of duty or themselves have had a close call on the fireground, enabling them to bring personal experience and sincerity to program content. In addition, they do not stand to gain personally from any monies the program may bring in. All monies are put back into the program.
The instructors chosen to teach this program shouldn`t be looking for self-gratification. They should have the attitude that they want to make a difference. Set out to find out how many members of your organization practice rescuing firefighters. Don`t be surprised at the answers you may get. Ask them how they would get an unconscious firefighter up a set of stairs, out of a hole in the floor, or out a window and down a ladder. Saying that “things happen” just isn`t good enough when it comes to a line-of-duty death. Consider also what firefighters whose fellow responders die in an incident go through wondering, thinking, and asking, “What could I have done differently? Could I have made a difference?”
这种类型的程序只是向我们的成员带来拯救自己和“自己”所需的信息的第一步。不幸的是，我们将始终为这些程序提供新的材料，但是也许通过消防及其资源的努力，可以将新材料的数量最小化。
For additional information on the “Saving Our Own” program, contact Instructor Dave Clark at the University of Illinois Fire Service Institute at (217) 333-8928. n
里克·拉斯基（Rick Lasky）是消防局17年的资深人士，是伊利诺伊州达里恩（Darien）的达里恩·伍德里奇（Darien-Woodridge）消防区的营负责人，目前被分配到培训/安全部门。他是伊利诺伊州消防局和伊利诺伊州消防局局长协会的讲师，也是IFSI的创建者“拯救我们自己的：消防员救援技术”计划。
