贾里德·纽科姆（Jared Newcombe）
Applying radio best practices under warlike conditions requires an unconscious competence of skill and self-control. Stress exposure training and feedback from our peers is the catalyst to breaking old habits and committing radio best practices to muscle memory.
The firefighters and officers carrying out their tasks on the fireground are at times without visual contact. The portable radio unifies the crew. Critical information is conveyed in the form of a CANS report: Conditions found, Actions to be taken, any Needs and Safety concerns. The CANS report sets in motion the sequential operations to save life and property. The coordinated attack is a blend of science and skillfully executed actions to control the exchange of air (anti-ventilation and ventilation tactics) while advancing to confine and extinguish a fire as search teams work toward an all-clear. There are many tactical approaches that may be used to transition to an interior position, each with its own set of sequenced actions unique in their order, each action timed and communicated to make the greatest impact. Success hinges on the quality of the messages broadcasted and the understanding of those listening.
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The International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) says: “One of the review elements of any critical incident is communications effectiveness. The only way to achieve effectiveness throughout the fire service is training on what constitutes effective communications during an incident.”1
Delivering perfectly readable messages over the thunderous sound of fire apparatus and equipment is a skill, much like that of the trained ears gaining better situational awareness with each radio transmission. To ensure that messages being broadcast are intelligible, it is our responsibility to ensure we have the skills to combat various conditions under stress-full war like conditions.
Fireground沟通说起来容易做起来难，因为每个人对压力的反应都是独一无二的，影响了他们的无线电技能。根据理查德·加斯威（Richard Gasaway）博士的说法，人体对压力的反应是“改变游戏规则的人”。2在八部分的系列中，加斯韦博士探讨了生理和身体的压力的影响。考虑肾上腺素，皮质醇和去甲肾上腺素，以及内啡肽通过您的静脉结束。这些可能触发听觉排除，高警戒，隧道感官，直观决策3和运动功能4受影响。对压力如何影响性能的认识可能有助于我们实现自我控制，尤其是在互动的混乱第一分钟。
在应用IAFC的Working Group5，摩托罗拉关于背景噪声的位置文件和我们的部门指南推荐的便携式无线电最佳实践时，我们的方法分为三个阶段的培训阶段，每个阶段都以其自身的重点和目标。当我们建立相互联系的基础时，我们的成员对有效的无线电消息产生了基本的了解。当我们的消防员获得这些技能时，讲师会评估它们并提供改进的策略。每个附加阶段都加强了上一个阶段，我们为肌肉记忆做出最佳无线电做法。
战争中的无线电消息培训的好处是：
- 无线电导向以提高熟悉程度
- Preventing radio ejection
- 为各种火灾条件执行无线电功能
- Optimal microphone positioning to ensure audio intelligibility of radio messages
- 对压力如何影响绩效和自我控制的整体情境意识更高
Phase 1: Radio orientation for familiarity and radio ejection prevention
我们问人事外套,穿上他们的地堡gloves as though they were responding to an incident. We break the group into pairs, one firefighter to demonstrate specific radio skills listed in Table A and the other to evaluate their partners’ performance before switching roles. With gloved hands and no visibility, we test the firefighter’s familiarity with their portable radio. We encourage members to paint mental pictures of fireground situations, requiring the firefighters to adjust their radio functions under specific situations: unable to transmit in the repeater position, initiating Mayday, maintaining or changing operating channels when rescue operations are underway, etc..
A great amount of discussion typically ensues after the evaluation. We discuss strategies to assist firefighters, and instructors demonstrate and coach members who may be struggling. We then repeat the exercises, usually resulting in vastly improved performance. At this point, only repeated practice will further reinforce the unconscious competence of carrying out radio skills while contending with zero visibility and the awkwardness of gloved hands, which affects manual dexterity.
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Radio ejection may occur when making entry through a window, bending over, or crawling during search and rescue activities. As a result, an accidental activation of the orange emergency button, taking control of talk group, the switching of fireground channels, or switching from the repeater to talk-around, may occur. To prevent radio ejection, we simply tuck the antenna under the loop above our radio pocket. Returning radios to original settings is easily remedied when skills are committed to muscle memory.
第2阶段2
Focusing on the audio intelligibility of the messages delivered, we request the officer to remain in full personal protective equipment (PPE) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and demonstrate radio messaging while breathing from their SCBA. The team will provide feedback as to the audio intelligibility of the radio transmission, taking into consideration speed, pitch, volume, and microphone positioning. Because officers are typically the instructor and evaluator, this role reversal may cause elevated heart rates and increased respirations. As the officer begins transmitting radio messages as they would on the scene, we identify any limiting actions affecting a perfectly readable message, such as:
- Positioning of microphone; under the chin, in front of regulator or just too far from voice port
- PPE neck straps covering remote microphone
- 手套覆盖麦克风的手
- Low pressure line limiting optimal positioning of microphone remote
- Speed, volume, rhythm of delivered messages
消防人员确定了军官的传播的任何缺点。在不干预的情况下定位远程麦克风通常是最大的绊脚石。我们建议将麦克风冲洗到SCBA面具语音端口，然后调整到一英寸之内。在这个阶段，最大的成功是新发现的自我意识，即对音频如何受到定位的影响。完美可读的消息和建设性的同伴反馈是调整旧习惯并将新习惯用于肌肉记忆的催化剂。
To further reinforce the lesson, we have the officer continue with radio messaging as we introduce high decibel sounds, outlined in Table B, attempting to overpower their transmitted messages. We take this opportunity to test out both old and new habits, thereby creating contrast and awareness.
Phase 3. Delivering a message when under task and team communication
以军事精度和目的的方式移动是苛刻和强烈的。我们仍然必须维护多个通信链接。当事件同时接收并传播机组人员提供的信息时，官员们听取了他们的收音机以获取火山信息。提供罐头报告通常是在战斗，任务和大量工作量的过程中完成的。
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To simulate this, we have the officer and a firefighter advance a hose line through to a series of designated targets, the officer making radio transmissions as they would on scene. To simulate the zero-visibility conditions of a smoke-filled environment, we have them pull the balaclavas over their masks. The team is provided with the details of an incident as though the 360 was completed by the officer leading the advancing team. Visibility is briefly introduced to allow orientation of the designated targets as the starting point to the training. The officer leading the charge will have to maintain communication with the crew but also communicate with Command as the exercise unfolds. Variables introduced may include locating victims, extreme fire behavior, and structural instability. As the audio intelligibility of the CANS report are monitored and perfectly readable, we reintroduce obstacles such as background noise, conditions requiring talk-around, or reassigned tactical radio channels.
Using tactical decision games where radio messaging is highlighted, challenges both the listening skills and adaptability of the team. The game, outlined in “Building Officers’ Thinking Skills”7, is an example of a first arriving apparatus to a structure fire, the initial deployment order to the crew and found information requiring the officer to provide a CANS report. The crew listening to their radios adjust and carry out new orders.
无线电技能培训使我们能够为肌肉记忆做出最佳的实践，这并没有被火场的波动所避免。基于方案的用户培训使官员及其团队在战争状况下进一步自我意识到无线电最佳实践的道路。
Thanks to Sean Young, Kathryn Trojan Stelmaszynski, Wesley Charlesworth, Dan Munro, Scott Pappas, William Reeves, Tricia Beirnes, and Mark Saulnier for their work in developing the radio training initiative.
参考
1.国际消防局长协会。（2008年5月22日）。便携式无线电最佳实践。从...获得https://www.iafc.org/topics-and-tools/resources/resource/portable-radio-best-practices
2. Gasaway，R。B.（N.D.）。理解压力 - 第1部分：物理，化学和情感影响。从...获得https://www.samatters.com/understanding-stress-part-1-the-physical-chemical-and-emotional-impact/
3. Ibid.
4. Diny, M. D., Kainz, D. L., Greenhalgh, N. P., & Klemp, A. S. (2012). The Effect of Induced Stress on Fine Motor Accuracy. Retrieved fromhttp://jass.neuro.wisc.edu/2015/01/Lab 603 Group 12.pdf
5.国际消防局长协会。（2008年5月22日）。便携式无线电最佳实践。从...获得https://www.iafc.org/topics-and-tools/resources/resource/portable-radio-best-practices
6. Background Noise and Radio Performance. (2009). Retrieved fromhttp://brics.butlersheriff.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/moto-digital-fireground-whitepaper.pdf
Originally ran February 25, 2019.
JARED NEWCOMBE是加拿大安大略省布兰普顿消防和紧急服务的队长和25年的老兵。
