沃尔特·A·莫里斯（Walter A. Morris）
The Maine Fire Service Institute (MFSI) is the fire训练and certification agency for the State of Maine. As fire training program manager for MFSI, I was recently asked to investigate two incidents in which firefighters suffered injuries and personal protective equipment was significantly damaged.
第一次事件发生在缅因州南部structuralfire attack exercise being conducted for three local fire departments in a two-story concrete non-gas-fired live fire training structure. On completion of the pre-burn briefing, the crews reported to the training site for a walk-through of the burn building and preparation for the first training evolution. Two of the training officers had prepared the fire room prior to the participant briefing. On entering the burn building, the attack crew encountered heavy fire conditions with fire lapping out of the burn room doorway. Using two “bursts” of water, the attack crew applied water to the ceiling of the burn room and proceeded to enter the burn room. A few seconds later, the fire in the burn room intensified, and the attack crew was exposed to the high-temperature conditions which resulted in burn受伤and damage to the personal protective equipment (PPE) they wore.
第二个事件发生在缅因州中部。这项实时的消防训练活动正在三层楼高的混凝土和木材非加拿大燃烧的现场消防训练结构中进行。练习的目的是为当地的消防员I＆II学院计划提供“火灾行为燃烧”。“火灾行为燃烧”旨在引入新firefighters到火灾开发的各个阶段，通常可以从火灾开发的初期发展到火灾开发的自由燃烧阶段，几乎没有或没有水和有限的通风。在“火灾行为燃烧”期间，学生将通过对流，传导和辐射目睹热量转移。在整个燃烧室中体验热强度和烟雾密度的水平；并获得对火的化学和物理学的宝贵见解。
当首席讲师进行了课堂课程时，其他讲师设置并准备了燃烧设施，包括装置placement, water supply, and the deployment of hoselines.
第一次“火灾行为燃烧”事件没有事故完成。没有发现伤害或损坏的PPE。在第二次“火灾行为燃烧”中，带领进化的讲师注意到，一个学生头盔上的“翻转”盾牌被扭曲了，另一个学生头盔上的反射四面体被毁容。水火的应用,学生和本月ructors exited the burn room. Once outside, additional damage to the PPE (including crazed self-contained breathing apparatus face pieces) worn by students and instructors was found. One firefighter received a burn injury to his shoulder.
The fact that these incidents resulted in only minor burn injuries may be attributed to three important factors:
1. All firefighters were wearing all of their required PPE.
2. The PPE worn by the firefighters was properly fitted, maintained, and inspected in accordance with the requirements of the Maine Bureau of Labor Standards.
3. In the first incident, the instructor recognized the hazard to the students created by the high-heat conditions, properly directed the firefighter operating thenozzleto immediately direct a stream of water to the seat of the fire, and immediately evacuated everyone from the burn room. In the second incident, the attack crew leader recognized the hazard to the crew created by the rapid progress of the fire conditions and properly directed the firefighter operating the nozzle to immediately direct a stream of water to the seat of the fire.
对这些事件的调查显示了一些共同的促成因素，包括以下内容：
- 燃油负荷过多。Although the weight of a typical wood pallet will vary according to the wood used inconstruction, the number of slats, and other factors, research indicates that the average weight of a typical pallet is approximately 40 lbs. The use of three full pallets, along with broken pieces of pallets and hay, suggests that the fuel load exceeded 100 lbs. for the training fires. The fuel load used, particularly for a fire behavior burn during which water application and通风were very limited, created high-heat conditions that contributed to PPE damage.
- 在流道中运行。流动路径定义为空气或热气体，烟雾和小颗粒的体积，该燃烧过程在进口和出口之间燃烧过程，从而使热量和烟雾从较高的地方移动压力within the fire area toward the lower-pressure areas accessible through doorways, window openings, and roof openings. With no other ventilation provided, the flow path of the training fires was out of the doorway of the burn room, exposing the participants to high-heat conditions.
- 通风限制的火。封闭建筑物中的火灾受到限制，因为氧气不足以像无限量的氧气一样迅速燃烧。增加氧气的供应通风-limited fire when the fire attack全体人员entered resulted in rapid fire progress leading to very high-heat conditions.
- 烛台综合征。烛台综合征是“目标固定的烧烤表弟，在那里，消防员被密188金博网网址多少切吸引了火。”消防员必须认识到，消防员，尤其是接触他们第一次实时火灾训练进化的新消防员，将倾向于长时间凝视大火。这种不断盯着大火会暴露出它们。他们的PPE; and, most importantly, their SCBA face piece to high-heat conditions. Instructors must ensure that students are instructed to periodically look away from the fire to minimize this exposure to high-heat conditions.
- 尝试展示火焰（翻转）。The intent of the instructors to provide a vision of flameover (rollover) is understandable, but the authority having jurisdiction must make sure that instructors understand that the训练设施不是为了这种发展而设计的。使用该设施的讲师必须了解以下内容：
·房间的几何形状（例如，天花板高度，开口到房间）会影响变形（倒车）。
·房间的火势生长相当线性，直到火焰高度到达天花板为止。此后，可以预期快速加速。
·排气通风控制的火力可能导致火灾结构中的热量释放速率提高。
· Smoke is fuel! Flameover (rollover) is the ignition of unburned fuel (pyrolysate) from the originating fire that has accumulated at the ceiling level.
NFPA 1403
国家消防协会（NFPA）1403，现场消防训练标准Evolutions,解决这些促成因素。NFPA 1403的先前版本建议学生参加Live Fire训练evolutions be trained in 11 subjects to meet the minimum job performance requirements for Fire Fighter I. The 2018 edition contains this stipulation but has added prerequisites in five additional subject areas:
1. Fire dynamics,
2. Health and safety,
3.火灾行为的基本原理，
4. Fire development in a compartment, and
5. Nozzle techniques and door control.
2018年版还包括2012年版的其他重大变化，例如讲师必须满足教师I的要求，并且负责教练必须满足教练II的要求，需要旋转点火开关officer, and additional safety requirements for flashover training evolutions.
All fire instructors and training officers involved in live fire training evolutions are encouraged to become familiar with the additional安全requirements in the new edition of NFPA 1403.
生物
沃尔特·莫里斯（Walter A. Morris）is a 40-year veteran of the fire service and chief of the Jefferson (ME) Fire Department. He is a fire training program manager for the State of Maine Fire Training Program. He has a master’s degree in fire protection management from John Jay College in New York City. He is nationally certified fire instructor and a member of the board of directors of the National Fire Academy Alumni Association.
