NIST：基于科学的数据收集密钥，以改善Wildland Fire Defance

国家标准研究所

一个new report国家标准技术研究所（NIST）描述了研究人员如何分析2011年的主要德克萨斯州wildland使用严格且基于科学的火灾后数据收集方法进行火灾，他们认为该系统将改善防御措施和策略，以大大减少结构性损害和财产损失。

2011年2月，在德克萨斯州阿马里洛（Amarillo）以外的郊区爆发了三场大火，在荒野城市界面（WUI），该地区是住宅社区和未开发的荒地相遇的地区。火灾摧毁了70栋房屋，烧毁了10,000多公顷土地，造成了近600万美元的财产损失。使这些事件与其他WUI大火不同的原因是，在实际的火灾情况下，研究人员首次使用NIST开发的两层电子数据收集方法来评估火灾后情况。这导致了迄今为止在WUI大火，大约163 GB的数据和超过29,000张照片之后获得的最广泛的信息。

这张地图详细介绍了德克萨斯州阿马里洛（Amarillo）以外的2011年野外火灾的某些行为，展示了NIST的火灾后电子数据收集系统如何比传统方法更深入地了解野火的动态。红色箭头显示了火的运动和方向，而绿色箭头则表示结构之间燃烧的余烬的跳跃。其他符号显示出毁灭，损坏或幸免的结构。（nist）

The massive amounts of data collected and analyzed were used in two separate NIST reports.The first, issued in July 2011，提供了所有三场Amarillo Wui大火的侦察概述，并确定了可能影响影响结构是否受到事件损坏或破坏或幸存的技术因素。最新的研究是NIST Technical Note 1909: 2011 Wildland Urban Interface Amarillo Fires Report #2—Assessment of Fire Behavior and WUI Measurement Science。It features a comprehensive documentation and analysis of one of the blazes, known as the Tanglewood Complex Fire, including:

• 一个detailed timeline of the fire’s movement and spread;
• 记录被火灾影响或危害的结构的类型和构建；
• 描述地形特征和燃料来源（包括植被和围栏等结构元素）；
• 观察火的行为；和
• 一个n assessment of defensive measures in place before the fire.

Amarillo研究中使用的NIST WUI数据收集系统的第一层是一项调查，用于记录整个火灾周边（火的外边缘或边界）损坏的广泛观察。This provides input for the second tier of data collection, which includes a kit with tools designed to capture the specific details needed for developing a precise fire timeline, building computer models to study a fire’s behavior in depth, and most importantly, identifying and assessing all of the factors that determine the response of different structures to a WUI fire (such as the types and amounts of combustibles on or around a structure).

“The level of detail that can be obtained with our data collection system is significantly greater than traditional procedures that focus simply on the number of structures damaged or destroyed, without taking into account the underlying factors that actually cause the destruction,” says NIST fire protection engineer and Amarillo study team leader Alex Maranghides. “Gathering as much data as possible in this strategic manner gives us unprecedented insight into how and why structures respond to WUI fires—and that knowledge could help us build more fire-resilient communities in the future.”

The Tanglewood Complex post-fire data collection and analysis resulted in a number of technical findings. Perhaps the two most interesting, Maranghides says, are that destroyed structures provide less information about a WUI fire than damaged ones, and that mapping all of the potential WUI fire hazards in a community leads to better defensive strategies than if only selected hazards are addressed.

“To illustrate why damaged structures yield more valuable data, imagine that your deck ignites during a WUI fire and is extinguished by first responders,” Maranghides explains. “We now know that the deck material is vulnerable and we can take steps to remedy that hazard. If the whole property is destroyed, we lose that insight.”

至于第二个关键finding, Maranghides says that current WUI fire hazard rating systems rely on limited technical information to develop weighted ratings. “For example, if you replace your roof with a more fire-resistant version, a weighted scoring system will rate your home as ‘safer’ when other unconsidered factors, such as the types and locations of vegetation, may pose a greater danger in a WUI fire,” he explains. “We have to know where the real vulnerabilities are to provide real protection and not be lulled into a false sense of security.”

NIST在WUI大火上的工作是其的一部分正在进行的计划，以增强灾难弹性by reducing the risks of fires, earthquakes, windstorms and coastal inundation on buildings, infrastructure and communities, including facility occupants/users and emergency responders. The Amarillo WUI fire study was conducted in collaboration with theJoint Fire Science Program（美国内政部和美国森林部门）和德克萨斯州A＆M森林服务。