肯尼斯·L·埃里克森（Kenneth L. Erickson）
For the past few years it seems that the fire service has placed bigger (and more stressful) burdens on our公司级官员，特别是在中小型消防部门。看到一个company officer以命令for a fairly large operation. When this happens, the officer’s crew is now operating unsupervised or they’ve been assigned to another officer, who now becomes overloaded with too many direct reports. And many times the company officer is not ready for the command assignment, be it for lack of experience or training.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has analyzed and documented numerous firefighter deaths and injuries. One of the leading contributing factors to firefighter deaths and injuries is a lack of command and control. NIOSH further identifies other issues such as lack of accountability, lack of tactical control, lack of staff for critical tasks,长官不直接监督机组人员，并且超出了控制范围。所有这些问题都导致了死亡和伤害，其中许多问题的根源是官员没有直接监督消防员。但是，这不是军官的错。
In his book火场指挥决策，博士理查德·加斯维（Richard Gasaway）说对情况的意识for command staff is lacking because there is缺乏员工可用于做必要的工作。此外，他指出，事件超负荷（认知饱和）和工作量管理的压力是指挥官的主要问题。他指出，多任务处理，执行多个指挥角色以及缺乏指挥所的助手，都导致缺乏情境意识，这导致消防员陷入困境。多个命令角色通常意味着您试图成为命令，安全性和问责制 - 所有这些都在监督机组人员或部门的同时。多任务is a very similar situation, in which officers are supervising and also trying to perform other functions, such as pulling hose, raising ladders, or acting as command.
医学研究表明，人脑只能同时专注于三个主要项目或任务。因此，当我们问公司官员to supervise their crews and be command we are placing the长官在这种情况下，由于超负荷而几乎可以保证失败。当我们将船员从一名军官分配到另一名军官时，我们将该官员放在超负荷中。强迫官员执行多任务是迫使他们不专注于关键问题。当我们有指挥官还处理问责制，供水或安全性时，我们将使该官员过载。大多数火灾都有一些关键问题，我们必须重点关注 - 在适当的位置将第一条软管备份，备份第一个软管，获得良好的水，开始搜索或排放建筑物（尤其是在工作的早期阶段）。事件命令系统和委派的目的是将我们的重点限制为重要问题。
三个规则
美国军方,尤其是军队和Marines, have conducted extensive research relating to span of control. Both branches currently use the rule of three. They believe that the best span of control in a hostile environment is three to one. Larger fire departments use the basic concept of three firefighters supervised by a company officer. In the military, the lowest level of work is performed by the fire team. A fire team consists of three soldiers or marines and a supervisor. Two or three fire teams then report to a squad leader (usually sergeants). Three squad leaders then report to a platoon leader (a lieutenant). The military has found through trial and error that a ratio greater than three to one is too high and results in death and injury. In the past they operated under four and five to one, but found three to one is much more efficient and safer. We should follow the military’s lead and tighten our controls.
一般而言，消防服务的控制范围从三到七人到一名主管，有五人被认为是理想的。该概念在监督手册中，尤其是在事件管理系统中得到加强。在常规工作环境中，五到七个范围是一个很好的数量，一旦建立了良好的管理系统，通常会出现良好的操作。我们在程序中加强了五到一个概念：五个部门/小组报告指挥；之后，我们添加了一个操作部分，五名机组人员向部门/部门的领导人报告；五名罢工团队的船员；等等。但是我真的认为，在敌对和危险的行动中，控制五到七的跨度是危险的。
在我们的业务中，船长和中尉监督公司和机组人员，有时会转移或排；这些术语有些互换。该级别的消防员对消防员的安全和福祉负责。他们的主要工作是带领他们的消防员参加战斗，并在战斗之后为消防员准备下一次任务 - 佩斯维斯和训练。队长和中尉多次必须以指挥能力运作，但是这应该是很短的时间。高级排名的官员应采取指挥，然后让队长和中尉完成他们的主要工作，即领导船员。在当前的消防世界中，我们在各个层面上都缺乏经验。188金博网网址多少我们的公司官员need time to become skilled at their basic job before we let them take command roles for large or complex incidents. Officers today want to be in command, and while I admire that initiative, their responsibility is to their crew. Our own studies in Laconia indicate that one of the leading causes of injuries is supervisors not directly supervising their crews; they are either multi-tasking (in command and trying to supervise their crew) or in many cases not working as supervisors (pulling hose, operating nozzles, searching). This is not a reflection on the part of the officers, but rather a reflection of how we staff our department.
THE NEED FOR SUPERVISION
Today’s less-experienced firefighters need their公司官员比以往任何时候都多。公司官员应专注于指导和监督以及帮助完成工作，但他们不应该如此参与工作，以至于他们忽视了船员周围发生的事情。官员需要监视进度，呼吁资源，监视烟雾和热量水平，监视空气供应，注意疲劳，在保证后推动消防员并将其拉回。官员需要与其他机组人员协调他们的行动（如果独自一人，备用人员很可能会通过袭击人员），并执行标准操作程序。最好的问责制是好的公司官员。标签和董事会将永远无法取代良好的监督。
较大的部门将一名官员分配给每辆卡车，并向所有重大警报发送首席执行官。多个主要办公室被分配给多个警报。较小的部门需要有一个系统，以确保所有职级官员都对潜在的严重事件做出反应。这可能意味着召回下班官员，首席官的电话状态或自动互助。这需要尽可能自动。第一个company officer可能必须接受命令，但这应该只有几分钟。对于我们许多人来说，公司官员是攻击软管线上的第二或第三人。如果军官不与他们在一起，机组人员将无法正常运行。如果公司官员是指挥官，那么船员将在危险环境中工作，没有人看着他们。这是灾难的秘诀。
We owe it to all our firefighters and their families to ensure that competent people are watching over them, especially during dangerous assignments. We should seriously think about the military concept of three to one. In a very dangerous environment–cutting a roof, searching an upper floor, and advancing a hoseline–we should tighten the span of control. You cannot realistically expect one officer to supervise the “interior sector.”
我们可能永远不会有足够的员工来尽可能安全，但是我们应该努力使事件现场尽可能安全。如果事情变糟，您将迫切希望首席官.
So the next time you have a working fire, assign your公司官员给他们的船员。他们可以监督大火的一小部分，例如二楼。如果您在该地区有三名以上的工作人员，请分配部门主管。使用进来的下班官员根据需要填写。得到你的邻居首席官响应并协助命令功能。向您看不到的区域睁大眼睛。如果事件正在升级，请将互助负责人分配给外部部门。邻近的首席官不应该感到尴尬或不足。
我们需要教所有军官的美术火山司令部and decision making, but let’s do it safely. The safety and welfare of your firefighters depends on not getting overwhelmed or distracted.
肯尼斯·埃里克森（Kenneth L. Erickson）是Laconia（NH）消防局的消防局长，担任该市的紧急管理总监。他已经有33年的职业消防员，并在三个新英格兰社区担任了20年的酋长。他拥有普罗维登斯学院（Providence College）的消防科学学士学位和消防管理学士学位。他是马萨诸塞大学和马萨诸塞州消防学院首席消防官管理计划的毕业生，也是马里兰州消防救援研究所指挥和参谋学院的毕业生。188博金宝体育1他还曾就读国家消防学院。188博金宝体育1
