By John Spicuzza
“新黑色”是一种表达式，用于表明一个想法的突然流行或多功能性，而牺牲了第二个想法的受欢迎程度。最早使用“新黑色”是在1983年，并表明其他颜色暂时取代了布莱克在时尚或工业设计中的位置。该短语主要用来说某种目前最受欢迎或最时尚的颜色或事物。
我看过很多变化over the years since I started in the fire service in 1975, many of them being for the better. However, I have noticed a trend over the past 10 years in which procedures or tasks that were at one time a normal part of the job have been rehashed, renamed, given acronyms, or updated and then promoted as something brand new or recently invented. Some of these fashionable trends have lasted quite a while and some are fairly new.
Groundhog Day
Let me start off with an observation about the fire service as a whole. We are either slow to learn, hard of hearing, or downright stubborn; I think it is a little of each, with an emphasis on the latter. So many individuals–educators, scientists, lecturers, and the like–are constantly bombarding us with the same信息over and over and over again, in some cases over a period of decades and longer.
Now, don’t get me wrong. These are all typically very important messages or educational snippets given out for all the right reasons. But a lot of it is not new stuff. Maybe we are horrible at passing on information from generation to generation. Maybe we pass it on and nobody listens. Maybe we put out the same information but in a more glamorous way, trying to get everyone’s attention by giving them fancy names or acronyms.
I’m sure there are plenty out there, however a few stand out. If you have been in the business for only 10 years or less it may surprise you that a lot of what is “fashionable” today is old news disseminated in a new way.
让我们从1980年代初开始并于1989年正式化的首先开始。城市搜救（USAR) is one that started making me think about “New Black” as it became more popular over the past decade. If you are part of aUSARteam, you are the cool guys on the block. Everyone else is just your average Joe.
Let me clarify one thing. I feel strongly that theUSARsystem was one of the more progressive ideas that has come out in the fire service and has been instrumental in saving lives and keeping rescuers safe with an insane amount of dedication and training. I was a member of a local Type II USAR team for around eight years and was trained at the tech level in all disciplines; so I have an idea what these members are trained for and the work involved.
当我从1975年开始使用消防服务时，我们培训了工作的许多方面。在照片1中，您可以看到我们正在进行培训，涉及患者从屋顶上移走。病人用绳子绑在木制篮板上，一个船首绑在马尼拉绳索上，并通过滑到地面的梯子将其降低。整个手术大约需要10分钟。
(1) Photo by firefighter Tom Watts.
(2) This 3/4-inch manilla rope was used as a high anchor point back in 1980. Photo by the author.
另一个例子是在1980年代初期的公共汽车外钻，我们无法利用我们今天看到的许多内置“紧急出口”。一个带有两个梯子的A框架，与马尼拉绳索绑在一起，一个机械优势系统带有非常基本的工具，可以轻松地垂直从窗户垂直拉动学生。这很快就可以设置并将患者移出。
在当今世界，将需要一个技术救援团队（TRT）或USARteam of around 20 personnel, a handful of specialty trucks outfitted with the latest and greatest equipment, safety belay lines in place, all kinds of hardware connected in numerous locations on specialty rescue rope, and about an hour or so to accomplish the same task.
I am not saying that all of this isn’t a good thing. Actually, it is wonderful, high-tech, and very safe. The way it should be. I am thankful that we have crews trained to the level they are with the equipment that is out there. My question is this: Who did this before TRT, USAR, and all of the high-tech equipment and training was available? Firefighters–the average Joe. This is nothing new; we just added new techniques and equipment. We just didn’t have an acronym for it. It was part of the job.
USAR isThe New Black。
INDIRECT ATTACK
There are a lot of studies out there now that advocate the advantages of an “间接攻击” on the fire. We now have science backing up the theories that, in the right situation, it works well and may very well be safer than making the initial attack after typically going through the front door, stumbling through the thick and hot smoke, and trying to find the seat of the fire.
Why do we typically go through the front door and go through the abuse listed above? Because that is the way we have always…You get the picture. But now that it has been studied and brought to the forefront recently, it is as if this has never happened before. Some theorize that one of the reasons for an间接攻击is because of a lack of personnel due to the cutbacks on crews and stations. It gives us the ability to knock down the fire from the outside, then go inside through the front door in a less hostile environment and do mop-up. This makes perfect sense.
由于这些人员的削减，一家普通发动机公司只有一名官员和两名消防员。一些部门通常在发动机上只有两个人。我要再次破坏你的泡沫。早在1974年的书中Firefighting Principles & Practices, William Clark makes reference to personnel issues. He says only having one officer and two firefighters on a company was fairly common (Clark, 1974).
Well, once again, back in the day we didn’t have the人员配备我们应该有。我记得有时在两人发动机的最佳情况下运行单人发动机。你猜怎么着？一旦房间和室内的大火变得足够热，窗户通常会失败和自发。我们能够确定大火的座位在哪里，通常会从外部进行间接攻击以将其击倒，然后进入拖把。现场只有一个或两个，它运行良好。今天的问题是，我们现在已经有了绝缘的窗户，防撞窗户等。这些窗户不会失败，只有很长时间才能保持热量。取出这些窗口之一也会很耗时，因此这种策略可能并不总是可用。这是您跟上更改的另一个原因。因此，间接或过渡攻击再一次并不是什么新鲜事。 We just didn’t have a name for it.
间接或过渡攻击isThe New Black。
Vent-Enter-Search (VES)
我听到了各种各样的故事VES。我已经听到并看到了有关如何执行这项任务的许多变化，范围从简单化到危险。每个人都在试图将他们的两分之二价值投入这个想法，并试图使其成为常态。我什至听说纽约消防局发明了它。也许是这样，但在1980年代不像我听到的那样。也许他们想出了缩写。我不知道。
I do know this much. We conducted what is now calledVES在1970年代中期。我相信这是之前完成的that, too. It was simply a very similar process we are all familiar with now. Classic scenarios of flames coming out of the front door and the entire delta side on fire with bedrooms on the bravo side that are not impinged with flames. We are told a victim is in one of the bedrooms and still in the house. Guess what? We took out the window, crawled in, went straight to the door to look into the hallway, closed the door, did a quick search of the bedroom, then either exited or came out with a victim. If no victim was found, we went to the next viable room. Sound familiar? One again, this is nothing new. We just didn’t have an acronym for it.
It’s just that VES isThe New Black。
轻量级结构
Okay, I am going to get on my soap box on this one. Really? We need to be aware of轻量级结构，轻巧的桁架等？这是我认为我们适合缓慢学习者的地方。新闻快报！国家消防协会刚刚为火灾条件下的轻质建筑材料的危险创建了一个PowerPoint演示文稿（2013年）。该演示文稿的重点在于需要家庭消防洒水器，但是尽管如此，它还是在谈论轻巧的结构，就像我们必须担心的一种新建筑方法一样。
I started building and woodworking in 1970. I eventually obtained my contractor’s license and built custom homes and additions. I can tell you that I personally was installing engineered, lightweight, TJI floor joists on new homes in 1972.
TJI floor joists have been around 50 years now, and the brandhas been the most-often-used engineered I-joist in the industry for the past 14 years. Even Francis Brannigan in his 2ndedition onBuilding Construction for the Fire Service（Brannigan，1982年），提到“芯片板”护套产品，工程地板托梁和轻质桁架上的毛板。
Let me make this clear. Lightweight construction is NOT new! We keep making it out like it is a new construction method. Stop it! It we haven’t figured out that we have to deal with lightweight construction and its dangers over 50 years or more, what makes you think we will ever get it?
In Florida, we require certain structures to display a symbol on the front of their building to denote lightweight floor or roof construction or both. This is for our use to give us notice to be aware during a fire. Great idea, but the thinking was backwards. We should have had symbols displayed showing dimensional lumber or stronger materials being used alerting us that it will be safer to work a fire in and around the structure.
What has happened is that around 95 percent of all structures have these symbols. Of course they do. That is the norm. It is to the point that firefighters don’t even see them anymore because they are on almost every building and they don’t stand out. It is like expecting us to notice a mailbox in front of a house; we don’t pay attention to it because it is part of the everyday scenery.
In my opinion, lightweight construction is the most popular subject that has been “in style” for way too many years. This is nothing new. All firefighters in the business have had to deal with it their entire careers, unless you have been in the business over 50 years.
Lightweight constructionisThe New Black那永远不会过时。
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Please understand that I am NOT advocating that we do things today as they were done in the past; I could not be more against that way of thinking. The one thing that gets under my skin more than anything is when you ask why something was done a certain way and you get the “Because-that-is-the-way-we-have-always-done-it” answer.
All I am trying to point out is that many techniques and tactics that are now considered “The New Black” in the fire service are nothing new; they usually just have a new name or acronym. All good, but keep it in perspective.
We have come a long way in many areas of the fire service and even improved on many aspects of the job over the years. This is the way it should be. This job has to be one of the most dynamic industries in existence. Almost every aspect of the job has changed to some degree (self-contained breathing apparatus, gear, construction, fire behavior, equipment, technology, etc).
The preceding are only a few “fashionable” examples that are still popular. I know there are more out there, and would love to hear about them.
What makes usprogressive是年轻一代问为什么,dissecting what we have been doing over the years and asking why we can’t do it differently. This turns into progressive thinking that makes our job safer and more effective as times change. We have to change as an industry with the times or we will become a more dangerous profession. We have to change as individuals or we will become what some like to call dinosaurs. And we know what happened to them.
This is why it is important to decide if you want to be that guy with 25 year’s worth of experience or one year’s worth of experience 25 times. You decide if you want to be fashionable or to keep wearing the bell-bottoms. Oops. Seems that is the New Black in fashion. Wish I hadn’t thrown out those pants with my paisley shirts and crushed velvet tie.
REFERENCES
Brannigan, F. (1982).Building Construction for the Fire Service.昆西：国家消防局。
Clark, W. (1974).188金博网网址多少消防原则7实践。纽约：技术出版。
约翰·斯皮卡扎（John Spicuzza）is a battalion chief with Cape Coral (FL) Fire and Rescue. He has 38 years of experience in the fire service and has been a fire academy instructor for 16 years. He has an associate degree in fire science from Edison College and a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Hodges University, has an Executive Fire Officer certification from the National Fire Academy.
Questions and comments can be directed to John Spicuzza atjohnscooz@comcast.net。
