经过Matthew Paiss
当我们试图了解更多bout high-voltage electrical systems being installed on our roofs in the form of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) modules, they are fast becoming a key part of energy independence. In my May 2009188金宝搏是正规吗文章“Solar Electric Systems and Firefighter Safety,”I wrote about how to identify the presence of a PV system, what can hurt us, and what is safe. There are still dangers associated with PV that we hope will never be the reason for loss of property or, worse, firefighters’ lives. It is because of these dangers that we should continue to support technical innovation to reduce the hazards. That is the focus of this article.
问题
太阳能电气模块（光伏或PV）仅在白天时产生直流电。该电压在逆变器处转换为AC，然后在主服务面板上送回网格（和您的房屋）。虽然您可以通过保护实用程序关闭逆变器，但您无法关闭从顶部阵列到逆变器的高压直流电源。这是造成最大火灾和电气危险的区域。仅在加利福尼亚州曾经有过几次据报道这种性质的火灾，但谢天谢地，没有受伤。在配备光伏的住宅火灾围栏上严重震惊的亚利桑那州的消防员受到伤害最初归因于光伏系统，但后来被发现是因为AC服务下降接触围栏。无论如何，这是一个近距离的电话。
As the PV systems age, or wiring insulation becomes compromised because of poor installation or hungry rodents, fires may result from arcing. An arc in an outlet in your home will usually trip the circuit breaker before starting a fire. In a PV system, there are no breakers to trip as long as the sun is out. Currently there is little to prevent these arcs, which could lead to a fire. These are called “arc faults” and are part of the problem.
有些系统已在阵列结束时纳入屋顶断开连接，以将电源从该点终止到逆变器。这没有任何关于在阵列中的所有模块中的高电压（连接在一起，它们可以产生多达600 VDC），实际上可能导致虚假的安全感如果有多个数组。如果并非所有断开连接，那么都仍然活着！这是另一个关注的领域。
有些产品可以在这两个领域提供更大水平的安全性，这就是行业必须走向的方向。光伏安全的“黄金标准”是电弧故障检测，导致模块电平功率隔离。这意味着什么？好吧，基本上，如果有任何电弧，那么每个40 VDC模块都会关闭，而不仅仅在600伏串的末端。
The Meeting
The United States is the third largest PV market in the world behind Germany and Italy. On August 27-28, 2009, the first workshop addressing these concerns was held in Aachen, Germany. Attending were top executives of the major PV equipment manufacturers, as well as fire service representatives of the three largest solar markets—Germany, Italy, and the United States. The event organizer was Photon International, the leading PV publication worldwide. It is concerned that these hazards, left unaddressed, could eventually lead to the loss of life or property. It recently ran an article on several large fires in Germany and Italy, some of which were caused by PV. The response from the fire service in a few cases was to go defensive because of the presence of the PV systems. This has the attention of not just the media but the insurance industry and the fire service.
(1) A photo from the conference. Photos by author.
德国的消防员，如欧洲消防服务的许多人（以及一些冷的美国地区），很少垂直通风。这主要是因为陡峭的屋顶音高，人员配置，策略和（欧洲）屋顶由石头或倾倒的混凝土制成。这可以解释他们在光伏系统中获得获得的延迟：它们刚刚开始回应PV的结构中的火灾。此外，还没有那么多的屋顶光伏系统。
(2) This building in Germany had a fire caused by PV. This incident was a turning point for the German fire service in regard to how they approach PV systems. The fire burnt one row of modules near the tower.
The workshop began with fire service reports from Andreas Kattge of the Hamburg Fire Department and German Fire Prevention Association, Salvatore Cacciatore of the Pisa Fire Department in Italy, and me from the San Jose (CA) Fire Department. The reports shared case studies of fires in PV-equipped structures, whether caused by the PV system or not. The basic message to the industry was that we are quite concerned about the HVDC. There were also presentations from insurance executives sharing their experience in covering these systems and the structures under them. They expressed concerns over future expenses if the concerns of the fire service led to more defensive operations and subsequent losses.
最后，有创新的启动设备制造商的介绍，他们表明模块可以变得“智能”，并且在发生弧的火灾或短裤的情况下单独关闭。安全目标的“黄金标准”是让每个制造商将这些功能纳入每个模块。这可能需要几年，但如果来自消防服务的消息很响亮，那么我们才能响亮，那么就可以避免这种绿色解决方案在职值下的死亡报告中被命名。
Matthew Paiss is a captain in the San Jose (CA) Fire Department and the lead PV safety instructor for the “Nobody Gets Left Behind” Training Group, Lee & Associates Rescue, Inc.
主题：消防员危险，建筑施工，系统，绿色能源，太阳能
