by Paul Shapiro
Battling a working fire requires many coordinated tasks to be successful. One of the most important parts of the overall strategy that has the potential for making or breaking an operation is being able to obtain adequate water delivery. Notice that I said water delivery instead of water supply. Water supply implies that we are only interested in finding the water. Obviously, that is half the battle, but what about getting the wet stuff on the red stuff? Isn’t that really the overall goal?
Producing adequate firefighting streams at large fires can be a complex operation involving the efforts of several people, numerous pieces of equipment, as well as hundreds and sometimes thousands of feet of fire hose. Needless to say, there needs to be a plan of operation to make all of this happen. In fact, a major water delivery operation is almost worthy of its own command structure by itself.
为了避免自由职业并提供结构化的水输送操作，需要有一个负责整个Fireground水输送系统的人，因此水管理人员的位置（WMO）。
The duties of the WMO are simple and yet require the knowledge of several areas of water movement on the fireground. The WMO’s sole responsibility is to manage the water delivery on the fireground at its present state as well as a possible escalation of the water delivery demands.
让我们看一下WMO需要注意的一些领域。它们可以分为两类。供水和排水。
WATER SUPPLY
如前所述，WMO需要确保在火灾的当前阶段以及可能的升级中有足够的供水。WMO应该意识到有几件事可以帮助维持供水。
应注意使用的消防栓系统的静压。消防栓系统的静压是确定消防栓系统的坚固程度所需的一半。显然，较高的静压可能能够通过供应软管移动水。需要知道的另一半是从主要本身可用的水量。低量水主的高静压通常不会产生大水。一个很好的例子是我使用的消防栓系统，该系统具有150每平方英寸（PSI）静态压力，但由三英寸水主提供。一旦打开该消防栓，残余压力几乎一无所有，每分钟只能流动400加仑（GPM）。流动3000 gpm后45 psi的压力。
还应注意在火灾中工作的泵送器的残留压力。低残余压力表明该单元的水分低。当小直径软管（2½英寸和3英寸）用于供应线时，需要立即注意的低残余压力约为20 psi。另一方面，如果使用大直径软管（LDH），尤其是5英寸，则在缺乏水的情况下，剩余压力通常可以降至零。这并不是说使用LDH的低残留泵摄入压力是可以接受的或不应解决的。
重要的是要意识到，低泵的摄入量压力表明泵处的水量低，但不一定在消防栓处。通常，供应线本身是获取更多水的限制因素。LDH提供了提供最大流量的最佳船只。
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泵面板处的低进气压表明在
the pump but not always at the hydrant.
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To obtain maximum flow to a single-engine company from a hydrant system,考虑多个供应链从一个或多个hydrants alone or in conjunction with a relay pump operation. If a relay pump operation is considered, make sure that there is a sufficient amount of pumpers and hose to deliver the required volume of water from potentially long hose lays.
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These single-engine company operations initially received water from a hydrant and depleted the water supplies. The units were in a good position and had the means to flow more; they just needed more water. Additional supply lines were set up in relay pump operations to supplement the engines water supplies.
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Occasionally ata fire that demands large flow, the initial responding pumpers will bring in supply lines from the closest hydrants. As the incident and the water-flow requirements escalate, there is a good chance that the first-in units could start exhausting their initially established supply lines. These units are usually in a good spot to deliver the water in the fire attack and have the ability to produce more fire streams; they just need more water.
Individual relay-pump operations can be set up to supplement multiple pumpers at the fire using dual-pump operations and/or manifold operations. It is important to know how many intakes each pumper has as well as their compatibility to specific sizes of hose. This will help determine the type and amount of supply-line operations that need to be established.
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A relay-pump operation supplying two engines with
双泵操作的帮助。
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A relay-pump operation feeding into a 5-inch gated manifold, which in turn is suppling two engines.
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当消防栓有足够的水时，双5英寸继电器效果很好。
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这些类型的供水操作可能需要几分钟的时间才能设置。不要等到供水问题发生。如果供水量正在减少，火势没有降低，请启动加强供水所需的适当供应线演变。
Have access to water supply maps. These maps should include hydrant locations, main sizes and locations, and potential static water sources.
Be aware of specific water supply problems associated with the operation such as low-pressure/low-volume hydrants, lack of hydrants, dead-end mains,and so on.
Be aware of all potential mutual-aid companies and their equipment as it pertains to establishing water supplies. Make surethat there is compatibility between agencies.
The WMO should have a thorough understanding of the municipal water system in all areas served by the fire department. There should also be a good working relationship with the water department, especially during a major fire when the water requirements of the system may have to be boosted.
排水
Getting water to the pump is only half the battle. It is equally important to be able to discharge the water onto the fire by means of an adequate fire stream. Let’s see what it takes to produce this end result.
Be aware of the discharge capabilities of all the units involved in the operation. If more water is requested from a pumper already discharging, and the water supply is sufficient, a decision has to be madeas to whether or not it is capable of moving more water. There are several indicators that will help determine how much more water, if any, will be available. Centrifugal pumps have the ability to deliver much more than what they are rated at when supplied by a positive-pressure water source such as a hydrant system. In fact in some cases, the capacity can be doubled. Knowing the rated pump capacity as well as the current flow will give you an idea of what might be available from a pumper. As a rule of thumb, as long as the water supply is adequate, expect at least 800 to 1,000 gpm above the rated pump capacity.
Check the revolutions per minute (rpm) of all pumpers involved with the operation. During high-flow operations, the engine of the apparatus involved with the operation will often be working at higher rpm.. A check of the unit’s tachometer will help you determine if more water can be produced. If the rpm are creeping up to the governed speed of the engine, more water may not be available.
有时，泵面板上的手动油门会限制泵可用的额外水量。在高流量操作下，泵面板上的手动油门实际上可以变成机械上不再转动的点。
The WMO should evaluate the discharge evolutions, including the hose lay and the nozzle, and make corrections as needed. If the wrong size hose is being used, the friction loss may be too high to deliver the required flow. The wrong size tip on a smooth bore master stream operation may also interfere with the proper water requirements as well as produce an inferior stream.
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FIREGROUND WATER MANAGEMENT CHECKLIST
WATER SUPPLY
*消防栓系统的静压
* Residual pressures of the pumpers involved in the operation
*供应线的软管大小
* Quantity and sizes of intakes on the pumpers involved in the operation
* Water supply maps
* Specific water supply problems
*可能需要进行继电器泵操作
*共同援助公司及其与运营的兼容性
排水
*大约来自涉及操作的泵送器的流量
* Pumper discharge capabilities
* Rpm of the pumpers involved in the operation
*在火场上排放的演变
任何大型大流量输送操作的最终结果是，以有效的火流的形式提供所需的水量，以达到和压倒British thermal units of the fire to achieve a knockdown as quickly as possible, To do this as efficiently as possible, it is important for the WMO to thoroughly understand and implement as many aspects of a large-flow water delivery operation as possible.The WMO position in the command structure of a fire cannot be ignored, nor can it be taken lightly.
Paul Shapiro is director of Fire Flow Technology. He is a nationally recognized instructor on large-flow water delivery. He is also a retired engineer from the City of Las Vegas (NV) Fire Department. He has authored numerous articles for fire trade magazines. He has been in the fire service since 1981 and is author of Layin’ the Big Lines and produced the first in a series of videos on large-flow water delivery. He is available to answer questions; he can be reached at (702) 293-5150 orlayinline @aol.com.
