By Jerry Knapp
In December 2010, Underwriters Laboratories (UL), under the direction of Steve Kerber, published a study entitled“通风对遗产和当代住宅建筑中火灾行为的影响。”这项研究的结果应该使您考虑接近我们面临的最危险火灾的方式：房屋大火。在此简短的列中，我们甚至无法刮擦此开创性报告的表面，也无法详细探讨其包含的支持数据。我敦促您去UL网站，并花一些时间探索这个有价值的研究项目。我们将在本专栏中要做的是向您介绍此报告，以便您考虑查看使用的策略和策略房屋火灾搜索, rescue, and fire suppression operations. This project is best described in a paragraph from the executive summary.
Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service ventilation practices as well as the impact of changes in modern house geometries. There has been a steady change in the residential fire environment over the past several decades. These changes include larger homes, more open floor plans and volumes and increased synthetic fuel loads. This series of experiments examine this change in fire behavior and the impact on firefighter ventilation tactics. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the fire behavior associated with these scenarios and result in immediately developing the necessary firefighting ventilation practices to reduce firefighter death and injury.
在我看来，最紧迫的问题消防员生存该报告是这样的：我们都知道并接受房屋大火在past 30 years because of建造，家具，大小和房屋形状。因此，当我们将旧的遗产策略和战术应用于现代房屋大火时会发生什么，为什么我们仍然这样做呢？此外，我们从经验中知道，如果我们在火上没有水发泄消防大楼，我们会看到火灾急剧增加，但是多少，多少，多久？UL的一层和两层楼的出色全面现场燃烧最令人震惊的结果包括以下内容：
1.在一层楼的房屋中，消防员从打开前门的时间（我们从不认为这是通风的）大约（平均）（平均）100秒钟。
（1）您进入了这个私人住宅的前门，以寻找报告的受害者。当您搜索时，客厅突然去了Flashover。如果您感到惊讶的是发生了，那么您可能会在这里死亡。您的选票装备充满了热量，只需将热量传递到您的皮肤上即可。2,000ºF heat of the fire easily burns your skin when it reaches around 124ºF. Painful burns make rational thoughts impossible. We must understand the deadly house fire to ensure our survival.
考虑一下如果我们采用当前的策略和策略会发生什么。我们到达是为了发现从一个或多个窗户排出的烟雾，并报道了被困在单户住宅中的人。当前的做法使我们强迫门进入家进行搜索。搜索团队（卡车公司成员）没有托管进入，并进行了积极进取的主要搜索。在夜间火灾中，在两层楼的房屋中，搜寻楼上的卧室是一个重中之重，因此我们经常冲上楼梯。如果未在上述点中列出的时间范围内使用水，则搜索团队可能会处于难以置信的条件下，并将试图以最后的努力来挽救窗户以拯救自己。案例历史证明，经常确定它们是否生存是幸运的。
这对我们在火场上意味着什么？一个合理的人可以得出以下结论：假设房屋大火会闪烁，并为此计划；我们知道和信任的内部过分积极进取的搜索策略可能太危险了（在某些条件下。在大火上获得决定性的水以确保我们的成员的安全绝对至关重要。
Taking these thoughts a few steps further, maybe we should consider usingvent-enter-search (VES)技术是迫使前门和冲上楼梯的好替代方法。VES由纽约消防局开发和使用，通过让成员通过二楼窗户进入并进行搜索操作，从而提高了成员的安全活跃的火。这在人手不足的机组人员和部门中尤其重要，这些人员和部门无法部署足够的人员来进行有效的室内搜索和救援操作，并同时部署并推进了霍斯河。就像我们在Fireground上所做的一切一样，VES不是银弹，必须基于对居住者的生命危害的适当规模，对消防员的生命危害，火灾状况和消防特征的危害。
For those fortunate departments that roll out fully staffed, the benchmark of 100 and 200 seconds to flow decisive amounts of water must be made a standard operating procedure (SOP) and a constant training objective. Sure, you say, any engine company can do that, but can they really? Can they do it every time? The only way to ensure it is to make it a training objective, train to the standard, and evaluate the performance to be sure the standard is being met. Consider some of the variables firefighters must contend with when deploying hoselines–long stretches down driveways; garden apartments; cars with tires that seem to just grab hoselines; fences impeding the stretch; preconnected lines that may be short; dead loads that have to be estimated properly. Don’t forget overcoming problems such as kinks, couplings hung up on door frames or steps, and so forth. It is easy to sit in the office and say, “Hell yea, we can do that!” It is another thing to actually test it在训练或在火场上。
This has been just one little glimpse into a research project that both confirms what we already know and puts forward some good scientific data to help keep us out of the burn units. I urge you阅读和研究报告并将您当前的SOP与报告中的数据进行比较。消防员的生活取决于将我们的战略和策略与情况相匹配。
