杰森·埃斯特普（Jason Estep）
有效的乡村火场操作始于设置垃圾箱。这是您可以在未贫穷地区的火场上做出的最重要决定。相当于从消防栓中铺设一条线以固定水源。故障首先不设置垃圾箱。我的观察使我相信大多数消防部门是不是setting dump tanks; they are instead settling for nurse tanker operations, which often fall short of the desired flow rates. So let’s take a look at why the fire service is reluctant to operate from dump tanks and at some remedies for the problems.
Rural Water Movement Operations
•消防员是否真正了解所需的火流？To be successful in any endeavor, you have to have a goal. Our goal in the fire service is extinguishment by gallons per minute (gpm). We must understand that today’s fires are creating higher British thermal units (Btus) than the fires of just a decade ago and what worked then may not work now. Fire flow can be defined as the fight between Btus and gpm. Higher Btus can be controlled only by higher flow rate (gpm). Two flow rates will be referenced in this article: sustained flow rate, the ability to flow (×) number of handlines at (×) gpm for the duration of the incident. Max flow rate is the ability to “hit it hard from the yard” at a high flow rate for a short period of time. You need to determine what the average sustained flow rate is in your community. The average sustained flow rate goal in our fire district is 400 gpm, with the ability to max flow rates at 1,000 gpm for knockdown application if needed. The Iowa rate of flow calculation and the National Fire Academy needed fire flow formula are effective tools in setting your goal.
•维持火流需要什么？I once spoke to a firefighter from a neighboring department about a multicompanywater supplydrill in a downtown area assuming that the water system had failed. He agreed that it was a good idea and that we would need to simulate sustaining two aerial master streams and four or five handlines! It was at that point that I realized that few firefighters truly understand fire flow or what it takes to sustain it. The target property for the drill was a commercial building with a fire flow of around 900 gpm. His plan was more than 3,000 gpm, which had no chance of being sustained. It is hard to determine proper resources without a realistic goal. Once you have determined your sustained flow rate, then you can determine resources. How many tankers does it take to supply a 150-gpm handline? A good rule of thumb for a conventional tanker is around 95 gpm on a two-mile water shuttle. Some do a little better; some do a little worse. How many fill site pumpers will be required to fill the tankers? Where will I get the water for the operation? What are the personnel considerations? These are questions that have to be answered to meet your goal.
• Nurse-tanker operations are not efficient.护士油轮，无论泵尺寸如何，都将受到储罐到泵阀的限制。1901年国家消防协会允许的最低限度，一个三英寸的坦克到泵阀汽车火灾设备的标准, and it is the valve with which most tankers are equipped. This limits you to approximately 500 gpm when flowing from the tank. Nurse-tanker operations are much less efficient than dump-and-run operations using dump tanks. The advantage of using the dump tank is that the pumper is drafting from the dump tank, which allows a maximum flow rate that approaches the capacity of the pumper for short periods of time. This can be a game changer for initial knockdown. Higher flow rates = less time spent on the fireground = safer firefighters! A nurse-tanker operation restricts your capability to accomplish this and can create two empty trucks, the pumper and the nurse tanker. It is more efficient to dump the water in the dump tank and go for more water.
•训练它。You play the game like you practice. If you never practice rural fireground operations, chances are you will not be able to perform at an actual fire. Practice setting dump tanks and positioning apparatus.
•神话：我们没有人员或时间设置垃圾箱。您可以成功从卡车上取下垃圾箱，设置并在不到三分钟内建立草稿。只需一点练习。
• Set up for the big one every time.It is a best practice in my department to set a dump tank at all structure fires in unhydranted areas. It eliminates the decision of do I nurse tank or set the dump tank. Working from the dump tank will handle small fires, and you are already set up for higher flow rates if conditions change. Operating in this manner will make operating much simpler when you do have the “Big One.”
•制图已成为一门失落的艺术。Many pump operators today do not practice drafting operations. It is a simple operation that maximizes the potential of your fire pump when used properly. Again, it just takes a little practice to become proficient at it. Lack of confidence in the ability to draft is a major reason many departments are reluctant to set a dump tank.
卡车公司Work in the Rural Environment
卡车公司Work in the Rural Environment: Rural Truck Tactics
• Firefighters have lost the ability to recognize water sources.Firefighters need to be able to recognize alternative water sources. The fill site seems to have become the nearest hydrant, adding needless travel time into the equation, often driving by usable water sources. Small streams, swimming pools, ponds, rivers, and cisterns can all be used as fill sites for tankers. Portable pumps can be used to access this water, but extra personnel may be needed to set up.
能够进入水源是真空油轮比其他设备具有的优势。真空油轮仅受吸水软管的限制。真空单元的另一个优点是您可以从浅水流中填充；一大堆空气不会导致质量损失，并且仍会允许卡车以1200多gpm的速度填充。学习使用社区中可用的水源将大大改善您的火场操作。您可以找到水的距离越近，您将能够维持的流量越高，需要越少的油轮。道路上的油轮更少=偶然的机会更少。
• All tankers are not created equal.传统的油轮总是需要公关essurized water source to fill them, whether it is a fill site pumper or a fire hydrant. Most conventional tankers have a poly tank that is restricted to a 1,000 gpm fill rate. The vacuum tanker has the ability to self-fill at fill rates over 1,200 gpm. This means that an engine company does not have to fill tankers, freeing one pumper and three or four firefighters for fireground operations. When you couple the vacuum tanker’s ability to self-fill with its ability to reach water sources, it is easy to see why it is the most efficient water hauler available to fire departments. It makes life easy.
Rural Connections: The Importance of Training
•将所有内容放在一起。Set a target flow rate, and run a drill to achieve it. Your initial attempt may fall short of your goal; but, with practice, you can achieve your goal. We run a drill with some other departments in the area every fall. We have improved our operations and became very innovative with new equipment and techniques. It all starts with setting the dump tank. Once you understand the importance of this concept, you will not only meet your goals; you will exceed them. Below is a summary of the drill we hosted in October 2014 as proof that these concepts are effective. The rules for the drill followed the ISO two-hour shuttle drill guidelines.
乡村供水钻
The Morrisvale (WV) Volunteer Fire Department hosted the Southern West Virginia rural water supply drill on October 25, 2014. The drill lasted for one hour, 45 minutes, during which time the average flow rate was 1,042 gpm. Flow was started at the four-minute mark at nearly 1,300 gpm, to check the capacity of the pumper and was dropped back to 584 gpm until the 15-minute mark, when it was increased to 832 gpm. At 24 minutes, flow was upped to 1,012 gpm. For the last one hour, 11 minutes, flow was sustained at 1,204 gpm.
流从未中断ed during the drill, and the 1,204 gpm was achieved with a 1,250 gpm pumper while pumping two transfer lines and using only one suction hose on the pumper. The new low-level strainers were used as transfer devices and as the strainer for the pumper’s suction hose. This same pumper maxed out at 862 gpm a few years ago while pumping multiple transfer lines. The strainers eliminated the need to use a second engine to pump the transfer lines, saving valuable resources. Two 3,500-gallon dump tanks and two 3,000-gallon dump tanks were used during the drill, for a total capacity of 13,000 gallons of on-site storage.
钻头的孤独地点距离酒店1.35英里，进行2.7英里的往返。由于涉及的七个油轮都是真空油轮，因此无需填充现场浮力器。填充地点使用了四条填充线，每个填充线的垂直升降机约为13英尺。油轮在四个抽吸线中的三个中填充超过1,000 gpm。演习结束后，投诉说一条填充线需要花费一分钟到1.5分钟才能填充。在拆卸过程中，我们发现吸气软管连接中缺少垫圈。但是，即使有空气泄漏，这条线仍然提供了750 GPM的填充率！
包括油轮司机在内的9名消防员参与了填充作战。真空油轮不仅超过了常规油轮的运营能力，而且还节省了人员。
农村水输送与效率有关。这次演习证明了我们的效率。在填充地点不使用填充站点的泵送器和真空油轮的简单性允许这种效率。新的垃圾箱过滤器使我们只能在填充地点使用一个浮力器，达到1200 gpm。效率是在这种情况下做更多的事情，在这种情况下，将更多的水与更少的人一起移动。
这是我参与或观察到的最有效的水液钻头。七艘油轮在演习期间平均提供1,042 gpm，这意味着每辆油轮在两英里航天飞机上平均149 gpm，在一小时，11分钟的时间为1,204 gpm。平均每辆卡车172 gpm。请记住，这是2.7英里的班车。我不记得另一个产生了这种数字的演习。另外，请记住，我们使用一条填充线进行了此操作，这可能仅是空气泄漏导致容量的75％。我们都可以通过实践以及新的创新和流程来继续提高效率。我已经看到执行此练习的小组在每次练习中都会继续改善。您真的有效吗？
生物
杰森·埃斯特普（Jason Estep）is a firefighter with the Morrisvale (WV) Volunteer Fire Department, which has an extensive history of operating on rural firegrounds through the use of tanker/tender operations. Estep has a mechanical engineering degree from Fairmont State University. He developed a course on rural water movement that focuses on moving more water with fewer people
