杰夫·施温（Jeff Schwering）
在当今的消防部门中，消防员倾向于将事情融合在一起，以“立即完成所有操作”。我们试图首先冲刺并学会后来爬行，这是我们小时候被教导的常识的相反。对于快速干预团队（RIT），我们需要回到这种常识性思维中。
将近100名消防员在职责中丧生every year; in2009, there were 32,205 injuries on the fireground, according to the United States Fire Administration. Rapid intervention was not widely recognized until the 1990s, but there are times when even the rescuers need to be rescued. In this regard, attempting to do more with less, as many firefighters are attempting with today’s diminished resources, is simply impossible.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the agency in the Department of Labor that enforces the Occupational Health Act of 1970. This act ensures that everyone has a safe and healthy working environment. OSHA has the power to inspect and cite fire departments for lack of compliance to OSHA 29CFR 1910.134, commonly referred to as the “two-in/two-out” rule. To send two members into a fire or other hazardous environment, these members must be in full personal protective equipment (PPE) and equipped with breathing apparatus and radio communication, and the backup team must be equally equipped outside of the hazard zone. Big Brother is watching and waiting, yet most companies across the United States–career, combination, or volunteer–do not have the staffing required to initiate an aggressive interior attack on a dwelling fireandprovide for the rescue of their own. However, we still must manage this, in most cases.
有什么需要最基本的我们的罗切斯特理工学院的航拍吗?一步back, take a breath, and consider the who, what, when, where, why, and how of rapid intervention. If no RIT is present or the assigned company is not familiar with the assignment, the outcome will surely be a poor one. Who is the RIT (or is it FAST, RIC, RAT, FAT? Different parts of the country call the same job a different name.) I once had a firefighter tell me, “We can’t train on this, Cap; I don’t understand what RIC is.”
Who is your RIT?Is RIT an engine company, a truck company, a rescue company, a mutual-aid company, or an automatic-aid company? When does the RIT company arrive, or is it part of the initial assignment? What is the staffing of that assigned company? Are they trained and designated to the RIT only? I’m not attempting to reinvent the wheel or take away from firefighters teaching advanced techniques, but slow it down a bit. For every question, each member responding to a working incident should have an idea or the answer in his head and understand its meaning in regard to his company. In some parts of the country, firefighters have a trained and designated RIT, although, just by looking at the crews, it would be hard for even the saltiest veteran to tell the difference between the designated RIT and the nondesignated crews, without prior knowledge.
给谁does your RIT report?It’s a simple enough question. Command is the correct answer. In terms of equipment, the key word here is rapid! We cannot overload our RIT members. (Common sense tells us that three members is not enough for a RIT, so call for help early and often.
What is a rapid intervention team?RIT是一群至少两名装备齐全的消防员，并准备对需要帮助的消防员或消防员立即做出反应。所有工作火灾以及任何可能立即危害生命和健康（IDLH）气氛的事件都需要施加RIT：技术营救，水救援，危险物质事件，生命烧伤等。RIT分配需要技能。消防员必须熟悉作业的各个方面，他们需要能够作为团队发挥作用。话虽如此，有多少消防员对成员分配给RIT的真正掌握？您可以作为团队工作吗？通常，您可以在火灾现场挑选一个路线 - 站在前院的一群消防员，他们的脸上充满了厌恶的表情，谈论幻想足球，辅助足球，何时开始假期，等等，依此类推，完全不感兴趣他们在那个火场上拥有最重要的工作。该小组将尝试作为一个团队发挥作用，但是太少的现实培训将为所有参与的培训带来问题。
RIT standards can be referenced from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 1500,Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program;NFPA 1407，培训火灾服务的标准快速干预船员;and NFPA 1561,紧急服务事件管理系统的标准. All of these standards, as many are quick to point out, say the same thing: RIT is a tool for our safety, it provides a dedicated team to rescue our own, and it allows a proactive, common-sense thinking incident commander to complete other tasks at an incident. Otherwise, the “team” will stand in front of the structure or incident and complain about the task they were assigned.
RIT需要什么基本技能？Knowledge of building construction, fire spread and fire behavior; the ability to read? smoke, and listening, to name a few. RIT should be listening for a Mayday being transmitted, emergency traffic, a frantic garbled radio traffic, and so on. A proactive RIT needs to know the fastest way to the member in trouble. Remember, turnout gear lasts only seconds in flashover conditions.
RIT需要了解空气管理的基础。不再等待我们的低空警报。RIT需要调查发声的低空警报，以确保所有成员被解释。
罗切斯特理工学院的航拍放在解放军是什么时候ce?RIT needs to be put in place as early as possible on all working incidents. Add companies to the initial first alarm so that the resources will be responding. RIT in many areas can be made up of the third- or fourth-arriving company or both companies combined if staffing in an issue. This needs to be worked out before the structure catches fire or the trench collapses.
Rit在全国范围内使用，作为消防员安全程序的最终。Rit规定了丢失，被困或受伤的成员救援。RIT允许入射的指挥官在RIT处于待机模式时完成外部任务。虽然以上似乎很容易，请查看您的下一个事件并评估如何实施Rit。我不是责怪或指向手指，我只是想在常识思维的道路上引导火灾。当我们看到火灾或音调熄灭时，消防员们恰好对风竞争常识。
Where will we stage RIT at incidents?Typically, RIT will stage near the command post or a primary point of entry to the structure. On unusual incidents, such as one in a high-rise, the RIT shall stage on the floor below the fire floor. A large commercial structure will have the need for multiple RIT at multiple means of egress, on multiple sides of the structure.
Why are RIT needed?我会用名字回答，并允许我简要解释我的原因。这个名字叫瑞安·汉默特（Ryan Hummert），他是一个22岁的年轻人，他实现了自己成为消防员的梦想。我在2008年7月21日之前的一周前短暂遇到了瑞安（Ryan），当时他被一个针对消防员和警察的个人谋杀，他们对一场有意设置的皮卡车大火做出了回应，这是命运的早晨。
I was on duty two towns over, listening to the radio traffic, knowing only that a member had been killed but not who it was. Ryan, whose first fire, that pickup truck, was his last. Ryan never had an opportunity for a RIT to save him. Ryan did, however, have brothers stay with him and never leave him, just as we will never forget the sacrifice of this one young man.
The “why” is very simple. Firefighting is not a game, a pastime, a side job, a pay check, or days off; it is a deadly serious profession, not to be taken lightly. “Why this, Cap? Why that?” This is heard in fire stations across the country every day. Why RIT? The NFPA standards say so, we are in an ever-changing environment, buildings have a mind of their own, and our workplace is constantly changing, Murphy’s Law is at work on the fireground, but above all else–it’s the right thing to do!
There are numerous similar factors in firefighter injuries and line-of-duty deaths, such as the following:
- Firefighters getting lost or separated
- Freelancing
- Lack of familiarity with self-rescue techniques
- 故障设备
- Lack of resources
- 没有经验的军官
- 缺乏人员
- Newer construction/hotter fires
- 缺席
为什么我们需要个人技能才能成为RIT的一部分，它们是什么？消防员必须拥有的RIT工作的个人技能包括以下内容：
- 大小的能力
- 了解建筑建设，火灾传播和行为
- 沟通能力
- 能够使用各种不同的工具
- Ability to act quickly under poor and deteriorating conditions
- And above all a proactive, positive, common-sense attitude relative to the RIT assignment.
Why team skills required for RIT, and what are are they?RIT companies must be familiar with all aspects of the assignment; the fireground is not the place to learn your trade. Start all gas-powered tools in advance of a rapid deployment to ensure they are functioning properly, identify key tasks and positions ahead of time, and be able to function flawlessly as a team.
最后，我们如何改善当前的RIT分配？我们必须首先研究所需并经常被忽视的RIT尺寸技能：了解建筑物维度和施工类型；在结构周围进行360度步行；和出口手段的安置；门和窗户上的安全条需要被拆除以软化建筑物并保护内部成员。作为RIT和RIT官员密切注意您正在工作的事件类型。在进攻性事件中，考虑失去或被困成员，崩溃，闪存或背景的可能性。防御性事件可能仅构成崩溃的风险，但是在事件的过程中，该结构可能显示出恶劣的条件，RIT团队和事件指挥官（IC）需要解决。RIT公司或公司的官员需要能够在整个事件中与IC并驾齐驱，以确保消防员安全。
**
This article is merely a reminder of the many elements for which the RIT is responsible and a call for a return to the basics. Sometimes, we forget our basics and common sense when we turn the corner and see fire. Our profession is not rocket science, but it is about education and common-sense thinking. From chief down to probie, every member is responsible for RIT basics to be effective and successful. We are our brothers’ keepers! Take care of your company and your crew and be the best you can be.
Jeff Schweringis a captain in his 21英石year of service with Crestwood Fire Department in Saint Louis County, Missouri, and has more than 30 years of experience in the fire service. He served as a paramedic and a firefighter/paramedic with the Shrewsbury (MO) Fire Department. Jeff has an associate degree in fire science from Jefferson College and is a Missouri state fire investigator.
