By: Mary Jane Dittmar
188金宝搏是正规吗
健康对消防员/应急人员的福祉至关重要。正如您必须尽自己的一份力量确保您在火场上的安全性，而不是放弃对安全官或事件指挥官的安全责任，您也必须采取行动来保护健康。您应该“积极”地保护自己的全身健康，思想和精神。
Given the vast changes that have overtaken the health-care environment and the rapid pace at which research has been evolving, health-care consumers today must become involved. They must become knowledgeable in health options and informed partners with their doctors and other health-care providers.
This column will present for your information brief synopses of research studies and other health-related reports you can use as stepping stones to build your body of knowledge in health-enhancing strategies. Keep in mind that some research represents first findings and involves small test groups. The results of these tests serve as the basis for subsequent studies.
Surprisingly, the findings of a good number of studies can help us improve our health and overall well-being by making what have come to be known as “lifestyle” changes in everyday activities like eating, exercising, coping with life’s stresses, and following guidelines established to make us more healthy and keep us safe.
本专栏中提供的信息不应解释为医疗建议。在开始锻炼计划或服用补充剂或任何其他物质之前，请务必咨询您的医生，尤其是如果您被诊断出患有医疗状况或正在服用药物。
Health Claims and Fruits and Vegetables
为了教育消费者和改善健康，食品药品监督管理局（FDA）已授权制造商可以在食品标签或饮食补充剂上使用健康索赔。要获得批准，必须发现健康索赔中的信息是事实和真实的，并且科学界的大量合格专家必须就信息的可靠性达成共识。
The health claim cites a product’s potential for protecting or improving health when consumed “as part of an overall healthy diet.” It shows a relationship between a nutrient or other substances in a food and a disease or health-related condition.
The FDA has authorized 13 health claims in all. Seven were authorized in 1993 as part of the 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA). Six additional claims have been subsequently authorized.
Health Claim: “Fruits and vegetables and cancer”
It has been established that diets low in fat and rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of some cancers. (The roles of fiber, vitamin A (as beta-carotene), and vitamin C cannot be adequately distinguished from those of other fruit or vegetable components.)
因此，为该标签建立的要求是以下内容：（1）食物必须符合“低脂”的标准，并且在没有强化的情况下，食物是纤维，维生素A或维生素C的“良好来源”。（2）该主张必须将水果和蔬菜作为低脂肪，可能含有饮食纤维，维生素A或维生素C的食物。（3）标签必须将食物本身描述为其中一种或多种的“好来源”营养；必须列出营养。4.标签不得指定脂肪酸的类型，而必须使用“总脂肪”或“脂肪”，“某些类型的癌症”或“某些癌症”和“纤维”，“饮食纤维”或“总计饮食纤维”在讨论营养疾病链接时。
A sample claim for broccoli as a food that may have potential for fighting some types of cancer would be the following: “Low-fat diets rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, a disease associated with many factors. Broccoli is high in vitamins A and C, and it is a good source of dietary fiber.”
Companies that intend to use a new health claim based on an authoritative statement of one or more federal scientific bodies may notify the FDA of its intent, according to a provision in the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997. If the FDA does not act to prohibit or modify the claim within 120 days, the company can use the claim.
用作健康要求的基础的权威声明必须
*来自联邦科学机构（美国国立卫生研究院，国家疾病控制与预防中心，美国农业部或美国国家科学院）；
* be published by the scientific body and be currently in effect;
* state a relationship between a nutrient and a disease or health-related condition;
*成为反映科学机构共识的陈述，而不是联邦科学机构的个人雇员的陈述；和
* be based on the scientific body’s deliberative review of the scientific evidence.
(The FDA will consult with the scientific body, when appropriate, to determine whether a statement is an authoritative one.)1
Some Examples of Basic Research
让我们看一下可能成为未来食品有关的健康主张的权威陈述的一些类型的信息。
*鳄梨和绿色蔬菜：根据加利福尼亚鳄梨委员会的说法，加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）的研究人员发现，鳄梨和绿色蔬菜罐中的叶酸素蛋白-A类胡萝卜素有助于预防前列腺癌。（该研究涉及加利福尼亚鳄梨。）在西红柿中发现的类胡萝卜素番茄红素与前列腺癌的风险降低有关。UCLA实验室测试表明，叶黄素将前列腺癌细胞的生长降低了25％。番茄红素将呼叫增长降低了20％。当合并叶黄素和番茄红素时，前列腺癌细胞的生长降低了32％。研究人员建议“进行进一步的研究来研究叶黄素和番茄红素在亚细胞和分子水平上的营养非营养素相互作用。”
鳄梨在绿黄蔬菜组中，还含有抗氧化剂维生素E，谷胱甘肽和羟基固醇，这是一种可以帮助降低血压的植物成分。抗氧化剂可以帮助防止与衰老和疾病相关的自由基 - 不稳定的氧分子的作用，并通过中和。自由基会损害细胞并导致身体年龄并死亡。鳄梨的其他好处是，它们不含胆固醇并含有单不饱和脂肪，这些脂肪是“好”的脂肪，可用于心脏健康。它们也是纤维和B维生素硫胺素，核黄素，烟酸和叶酸的来源。（有关鳄梨健康益处的更多信息，请转到www.avocado.org.)
*Wild blueberries.According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, blueberries (fresh, frozen, or dried) ranked first in antioxidant activity when compared with 40 other commercially available fruits and vegetables.2 Consequently, they help protect against aging, heart disease, and cancer. One-half cup of blueberries constitutes one fruit serving.
Researchers have found that the pigments (phytochemicals) that give fruits and vegetables their color (and antioxidant properties) play a significant role in protecting against disease. Wild blueberries, which are harvested in Maine and Eastern Canada, are rich in anthocyanins and other phytochemical compounds.
A study conducted by James Joseph, Ph. D., chief of the neuroscience laboratory at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center (HNRCA) on aging at Tufts University, demonstrated that a diet rich in blueberry extract reversed some loss of balance and coordination and improved short-term memory in aging rats. This was the first study to demonstrate a reversal in dysfunctions of behavior; earlier studies had linked high-antioxidant fruits and vegetables to prevention of function loss only (神经科学的J.，1999年9月15日）。
Dr. Joseph led a panel of experts in a presentation of key research findings regarding the high antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables at the 52nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America in San Francisco last November. Many of the presenters explained their work with blueberries, which, they say, “has demonstrated tremendous potential in forestalling the effects of aging.3 For additional information, go towww.wildblueberries.com.
References:
声明1”健康,”波拉Kurtzweil, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA Consumer, Nov.-Dec. 1998.
2 Ronald L. Prior, Ph.D.; Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging at Tufts University; J. of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44:701-705; 3426-3431, 1996; 46:2686-2693, 1998.
3 ” USDA Scientist Presents Research on the Potential Effect of Blueberries on Aging,” Canada NewsWire, Nov. 1999.
Comments or ideas? Has your department changed menus or instituted exercise or other programs to improve members’ health? Let us hear from you. E-mail Mary Jane Dittmar atmaryjd@pennwell.com.
