By Gregory Havel
在上个世纪，消防部门有助于促进针对占领建筑物的人们安全的建筑和消防法规的开发和修订。
在过去的40年中，美国劳工部的职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）促进了对位置的人们的安全工作条件，并进行了建筑物和消防法规不涵盖的活动。具体来说，OSHA设定了标准并制定法规来执行它们并为员工在工作场所的安全提供安全。OSHA标准的一些标准是通过国家消防协会（NFPA）代码和标准库的参考，而另一些则直接引用了NFPA和其他标准的较旧版本。
OSHA标准的一部分[29 CFR 1926 M子部分（1926.500至1926.503和附录]解决了建筑物正在建设时可能暴露于建筑工人的跌落保护危险。OSHA标准的另一部分。到1910.30）]]解决了在未建造的建筑物中工作的人的跌落保护危险。建筑物或消防法规中不包括这些标准的这些和其他部分的许多要求，但它们存在于保护员工而不是比公众。
在建筑物的建设,布鲁泰克tion is fairly simple: No worker (except for structural steel erectors and connectors) may be exposed to a fall of more than six feet without protection or 10 feet if working from a scaffold. One common method of fall protection is the “personal fall arrest system” (PFAS), consisting of a fall protection harness; a shock-absorbing lanyard, a retractable lifeline, or any other deceleration device; and an anchor point attached to the structure that is capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds of dynamic load (22.2 kN). The PFAS is most commonly used for fall protection on exposed structural steel and in locations where guardrails or scaffolding cannot be used, in locations that are not accessible by aerial work platforms, and on open-sided platforms and roofs which allow no other means of fall protection.
在施工的早期阶段，您可以将锚点附加到结构上，并根据需要移动以维持安全的工作条件。在施工期间的某个时刻，完成的表面将应用于建筑物，之后，很难或不可能将临时的秋季保护锚定在建筑物上，而不会永久破坏其外观或天气紧密的完整性。
照片1显示了两名屋顶承包商员工，在多层建筑物的倾斜屋顶甲板上涂上防水闪光膜，没有秋天的保护。他们使用望远镜吊杆空中工作平台到达了工作区；断开了他们的秋天保护线从电梯上束缚，然后爬到屋顶上。他们无法将临时的秋季保护锚点固定在该屋顶上，因为顶层甲板已经用白色橡胶膜完成，并且斜坡上有防水的底层，不允许固定锚固所需的尺寸或数量。结果，他们选择在没有秋季保护的情况下工作。这是一项高风险活动，这也使雇主受到OSHA的引用和罚款。
(1) Photos by author.
解决这种情况的解决方案是，建筑师或结构工程师可以在顶部屋顶甲板的中心和山脊上设计永久的秋季保护点，以便在建筑物建造过程中使用。When the building was completed, they would have been left in place for use by the building owner’s employees and maintenance subcontractors who perform such tasks as roof inspection and repairs, removal of ice dams, installing and removing seasonal decorations, painting, window washing, and other routine periodic activities. Photo 2 shows permanent fall protection anchor points on a flat roof of another building.
（2）
建筑师和工程师通常不会在建筑物上设计永久的跌倒保护点，除非项目所有者需要，否则大型设施的政府机构和经理有时会这样做。秋季保护系统及其在施工过程中的锚点通常被认为是承包商负责的“手段和方法”的一部分，并有望在建筑物完成时删除。建筑物完成后，建筑师和工程师通常不关心所有者需要为高于较低级别的六英尺以上的员工提供跌倒保护点的需求。
在建筑物建设的早期阶段，设计和安装永久性秋季保护点可以为建筑工人提供安全的工作条件，直到建筑物完成为止。他们为建筑物的维护员工和承包商提供了相同的安全工作条件，而无需采取措施不太安全的即兴方法。
Photo 3 shows the installation of siding on a wood-frame dormer on a wood shingle roof. Since there is nowhere to attach a temporary fall protection anchor at this phase of construction, the worker opted to screw a piece of 2 x 6 to the studs in the wall of the dormer and the rest on the bottom of a folded stepladder. This is a high-risk activity since the worker’s fall protection depends on the integrity of the cantilevered 2 x 6 lumber against which the bottom of the ladder rests, the integrity of the studs to which the 2 x 6 is screwed, the strength of the screws, and the strength of the ladder which is being used in a way for which it was not designed. Once the installation of the siding is complete, even this less-than-optimal method will not be available to maintenance workers, window cleaners, and painters.
(3)
In addition to their use in fall protection systems, permanently installed fall protection anchors may also provide the anchor points that you could need if emergency services must perform a technical rescue.
现在是时候将这些秋季保护要求和OSHA的其他员工安全要求成为建筑法规的一部分，以保护建筑物所有者的员工和分包商（他们也在建造居民）。消防服务参与代码开发过程导致了当今的常见（以及代码要求）的阶梯尺寸，出口的照明，出口门上的恐慌硬件，自动消防洒水系统以及带有烟雾探测器的火灾报警系统。消防服务参与代码修订可以使建筑物更安全地为所有者的员工工作。
同时，我们必须开始对建筑师和工程师进行教育，以安装永久性秋季保护点，这是每座新建筑设计的一部分。
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格雷戈里·哈维尔（Gregory Havel）is a member of the Town of Burlington (WI) Fire Department; retired deputy chief and training officer; and a 35-year veteran of the fire service. He is a Wisconsin-certified fire instructor II, fire officer II, and fire inspector; an adjunct instructor in fire service programs at Gateway Technical College; and safety director for Scherrer Construction Co., Inc. Havel has a bachelor’s degree from St. Norbert College; has more than 35 years of experience in facilities management and building construction; and has presented classes at FDIC.
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