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On January 9, 2020, at approximately 0849 hours, the Bellmore (NY) Volunteer Fire Department was alerted to reports of a house fire. About four minutes later, the chief of department was on scene and transmitted a call for a working fire within a private dwelling. The first-arriving unit, Engine Co. 601, was on scene at 0858 hours. The structure was a 2½-story wood-frame private dwelling with a basement.
The Response
大火从一楼的曝光2侧出现，迅速蔓延到整个曝光2侧并进入阁楼空间。最初，关于家庭是否被占用了一个问题。然而，在采访房主后，这是否认的，他们占所有人。
相关消防员培训
The Fog of the Fireground: Know Your Buildings
第一个适当的发动机公司与各官员的成员人员组成，在内的工作中有不到四年的工作，包括该官员。喷嘴队通过前门和一楼伸展第一个袜子，在其中熄灭了入口道和起居室的大量火灾。
(1)曝光2面墙平行interior staircase. Once opened, the charred remains of 16-foot vertical wood studs that originated at the basement sill plate and extended upward into the eave line were discovered.(作者照片。)
(2)Fire originated at the lower portion of the first floor. This shows the open space from the basement into the stud channels, a common feature in balloon-frame construction.
As the team advanced into the home, it found that the kitchen in the center of the home between the living room and sunroom was fully involved. Again, the team battled the fire over their heads, knocking down most of it in that area.
As mutual-aid companies from the neighboring towns of Merrick, North Merrick, North Bellmore, and Wantagh began arriving, they conducted primary searches for fire and stretched two additional handlines.
As members began searching, they were met with fires burning in several locations throughout the home, including the exposure 4 side. They were also met with fire hidden within the wall chase, which was extending undetected from the first floor to the second floor and up into the attic space. It became evident quickly that this fire was more complicated because of the presence of balloon framing.
Basement searches were conducted after the initial fire attack and yielded negative results of fire. However, fire continued to burn uncontrolled in the attic while members opened the second-floor ceilings. These actions were ultimately slowed because of the presence of wood lath, plaster, and gypsum board. The home was also extremely cluttered.
在打开二楼天花板上，很明显，用于储存的未受保护的阁楼空间闪过。阁楼的下拉梯子被烧毁了;它的遗体被移除，以帮助放置10英尺的壁橱梯子以进行访问。然后将第二次替代手机进入阁楼空间，随后熄灭火灾，而另一个单元会改进空间。火灾也损害了屋顶装饰。
此时，另一个火灾在后卧室上升降了2/3壁橱里的壁橱，与二楼浴室共用。第三个手线被伸展到这个区域，而消防员同时打开墙壁并清除了沉重的堆积和杂乱的卧室。消防员开始开放几乎每个墙壁，并在几个墙上都发现了小口袋的火焰燃烧。
曝光2面墙平行interior staircase. Once opened, crews discovered the charred remains of the 16-foot vertical wood studs that originated at the basement sill plate and extended upward into the eave line (photo 1).
The fire that originated at the lower portion of the first floor (photo 2) on the exposure 2 side had traveled vertically to the unprotected stud channels that had no fire stops, into the second-floor joist channels, and then horizontally across into the combustible void spaces above the kitchen cabinets to the other side of the home, igniting fires in the kitchen and living room. The fire then passed the second floor completely, igniting the attic space, which had no fire-resistive applications (e.g., gypsum board) and ravaged the dry old lumber that comprised the rafters and roof deck.
While firefighters were battling fires at these locations, the fire again traveled horizontally from the exposure 2 side into the pipe chase from the kitchen to the second-floor bathroom, burning through into the second-floor closet. Had it not been for the vigilance of the firefighters opening the second floor, fire would have undoubtedly extended into the bedrooms, and the second floor would have been a total loss.
建筑历史课
在1833年至1950年期间，木制框架私人住宅的通用施工方法控制了市场，以迅速构建多层住宅的方式。如果您在美国生活或工作，您可以遇到使用气球框架建设的家园。此外，您最有可能在这些结构中处理火灾的后果。重要的是要审查可燃结构中的操作的战术考虑，这是甚至可能挑战最经验丰富的消防员。
At such fires, career and volunteer departments have faced common issues such as limited staffing, mornings just before working hours, young crews, advanced fire on arrival, and the potential for unknown occupants. If you are a volunteer, you know this all too well. A daytime fire in suburbia changes factors because many volunteers are at work. The firefighters who do respond represent a combination of all companies with varying experience levels, and mutual aid is often delayed. It is imperative that all departments, career and volunteer, refresh themselves on the tactics and fire travel within private dwellings of balloon-frame construction.
这也是小鬼ortant to identify the fire risks associated with balloon-frame construction. With Type V combustible construction, balloon framing uses wood studs that run from the foundation to the eave line. Sometimes, the studs are spliced together with nails to achieve the desired height. Wood members are then attached to the studs horizontally at the floor line, called a ribbon board. This is where the floor joists then sit atop, often, again, nailed to the studs or cut out to sit on the ribbon board in a shelf-like fashion.
多年来没有经过翻新的房屋可能仍然看到膏药和木板用作内墙。这也增加了墙壁的墙壁的可燃性，从螺柱通道的内部增加。最终结果通常是难以阻碍的可燃通道，其从地下室或地窖延伸到阁楼。这最终产生了不受保护的垂直和水平可燃空隙空间，这些空间是家庭的所有墙壁和地板系统共同的。
Now, many in the building construction community point out that a tell-tale sign of balloon framing from the exterior is the appearance of aligning windows, doors, or openings. This was the case long ago; however, firefighters should not rely on this. A home built more than 100 years ago has surely been renovated, so larger and more economically sound windows may have been added or openings closed off, often leaving the openings in this structure off line. This does not mean you should move away from sound size-up practices. Also note that renovations to balloon-frame homes often neglect to add fire stopping when the walls are opened, so don’t count on it being present until you’re able to open up and look yourself.
Lessons Learned
Postfire lessons learned at the above incident include the following:
- 当消防员应担心，当时有延迟响应有确认的火灾。最初的火灾初始报告后，第一届尽职发动机公司正在九分钟。如果我们添加拉伸初始袜子的时间，那就超过10分钟，没有水在火上。这传达了火灾在延长的一段时间内不受控制地燃烧，并且能够在整个家中自由移动。
- The fact that this was a weekday fire at around 0900 hours will play a huge role in the limited staffing levels of volunteer fire departments. Consider this when you receive reports of fire and expect to encounter delays in response.
- Request mutual aid early and often. The first-arriving chief officer was proactive in requesting mutual-aid units immediately to the scene, knowing that the response could be delayed or that staffing levels could be lower than, perhaps, a similar fire at 1900 hours.
- It is vital to select and deploy hose rapidly. The first-due engine company selected the correct size hoseline (1¾-inch) and stretched it quickly to cover the entire home. That quick stretch not only allowed them to extinguish an entire floor of heavy, advanced fire, but it also protected the interior staircase, which was vital to the operation.
- Fires in structures of balloon-frame construction travel fast. It is always imperative to check the belowgrade area of the basement or cellar to ensure that fire is not burning beneath you. Do this first and as part of the 360° size-up. If departments fail to do this, they can fall victim to progressive fires that will ultimately compromise structural assemblies.
- 一旦结构被视为气球框架结构，动员额外的团队将墙壁和空隙空间打开以检查火灾的仓脑。未能识别这一点可以让您在长期运行中。这场火灾的消防员由于他们的警惕而挽救了整个二楼，并让房主与他的许多物品不受影响。
- 避免将发动机和梯子团队带入阁楼空间，其中下拉梯子涉及着火并用于存储。装载具有大量火灾载荷的可燃空间并不是出口的易燃空间。随着这种特殊的火，我们必须计划逃避如果出现问题。回想起来，一个较小的软管团队可以从梯子的安全或从二楼制造的开放天花板中进行火灾。
- When the roof is compromised, conduct a sound structural assessment immediately, especially if members are operating beneath the area of compromise.
- Limit the number of firefighters on staircases and second-floor landings to companies that are working. Everyone wants a “piece” of the fire, but having companies waiting at these locations in these types of wood-frame buildings can cause two problems: (1) Staircases in private dwellings are not built to receive the load of six firefighters weighing an average of 300 pounds with gear, which may overload the staircase; and (2) firefighters waiting around the landing and on staircases can block egress of victims and firefighters attempting to escape.
Salvatore Ancona.is a deputy chief fire instructor at the Nassau County (NY) Fire Service Academy; a former captain and training officer for the Bellmore (NY) Fire Department; and a paramedic supervisor in Queens, New York. He has an A.S. degree in fire science from Nassau Community College and is in the emergency services administration undergraduate program at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Ancona is the author of the building construction page “The Sons of Brannigan” on Facebook and was a recipient of the 2019 FDIC International Honeywell DuPont Scholarship.
