基本电理论

保罗·宾顿（Paul Bindon）
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电子设备由烟雾运行。当它们损坏或失败时，烟雾逃脱了，它们不再起作用。

关于电力运作方式的这种解释似乎很可笑，但它突出了我们看不见的围绕电力的奥秘。工作中的电力结果对我们来说是显而易见的。灯打开，电动机转弯，立体声播放音乐。相比之下，当考虑高压时，通过接线的电流在某种程度上变得神秘甚至令人恐惧。

在运输中使用高压已导致涉及碰撞的车辆的一些不安或警惕的方法。在考虑混合动力车时，会想到高压橙色的电线。“不要触摸橙色的电线”在混合动力学期间已经传达给第一响应者的最常见信息training。为什么不触摸橙色电线？当被问到这个问题时，我已经交谈的大多数第一响应者都回答“because they are high voltage”或者“因为他们会震惊或杀死you.”This basic message of caution is the reason many responders may hesitate or delay the approach to patients when hybrid vehicles are involved in a motor vehicle accident (MVA). This article will help you gain a basic understanding of electrical theory as it applies to transportation use; the goal is to dispel some of the mysteries associated with electricity.

DC电路

所有电池都可以运行直流电（DC）电路。小型手表电池一直至800伏（V）混合动力总线电池都是如此。12伏直流电路中的电流从电池的正（+）端子通过最弱的链路（保险丝），通过负载设备（灯泡），控制电路（开关）到机箱或框架，然后最后到电池的负（ - ）端子。这被认为是常规电理论。重要的是要注意，车辆的车身或框架被用作电路的一部分。对于低压应用，这是完全安全的，可以简化接线。

A simple example of a DC circuit is the 12-V circuit shown below (1).

(1)

1在这种情况下，电源是常规铅/酸12-V battery.

2The circuit has a weak link (fuse) that protects the rest of the circuit in the event of an overload.

3负载设备（灯泡，无线电, and so on) puts the power to work and is the visible indication of what the electricity actually does.

4On/off switch or some type of circuit control.

5Body or frame of the vehicle (ground). This is the return path for the electricity back to the power source.

AC电路

电线alternating current (AC) circuit contain positive and negative voltage on the same wire. Typically, three wires are associated in a household 110-V circuit: black (hot), white (common), and bare (ground). AC circuits use terra firma or ground as part of the circuit. Anyone who has become part of a 110-V household circuit can tell you this is true (2).

(2)

混合动力汽车不使用Terra Firma“地面”进行交流电路as household electrical circuits. Since the tires insulate the vehicle from the ground, they would require some type of connection to the “ground” to operate the same way. There obviously is no wire running behind the vehicle or hanging down touching the ground as it is being driven along. The vehicle AC circuit is self-contained and does not use the chassis or frame of the vehicle as part of the circuit.

(3) Household grounding wire

Voltage vs. Amperage

PSI vs. GPM

电击枪是“高压”设备的一个例子。它以100,000至150万伏的速度运行。之所以没有致命的原因是，它没有提供足够的安培数 - 高电压，而是低安培的输出（1至5毫安）。将这个例子与将水通过花园软管推到水。由于小软管的限制，高压（每平方英寸600磅）每分钟低加仑（GPM）。

A12-V汽车电池可产生500至1,000安培。这个例子不是致命的，因为电压太低，无法克服我们身体的天然高电阻。但是，如果将汽车电池的端子与一块钢连接起来，那么整个端子的低电阻将导致最大电流流动（大量火花）。将其与喂养五英寸线的消防栓进行比较；低压提供非常高的GPM。

Have you ever heard the expression, “It’s the amps that kill you”? This statement is an oversimplification of the hazards associated with electricity. There has to be a threshold where the voltage和安培生成危险。汽车工程师协会（SAE）行业的危险电压标准线颜色为橙。这意味着橙色电线上的电压大于60 V和超过1安培。可能是60 V或800 V；电线颜色是相同的，应视为潜在的致命。

High-voltage circuits in vehicles do not use the body or frame as part of the circuit. The DC high-voltage wiring (orange) includes正面和负电缆。这样做是为了使车辆从高压电路中隔离。

（4）DC橙wires from high-voltage battery to inverter

The AC high-voltage wiring includes all three parts of the circuit. This is done to insulate the body of the vehicle from the high-voltage circuits.

（5）AC橙wires from inverter to traction motor

Safety systems are included to prevent the body or frame from becoming part of the circuit in the event of possible damage. Each high-voltage wire is wrapped in a layer that is monitored by the vehicle’s computer. If the wire becomes damaged, the system is designed to cut the connection from the high-voltage battery and isolate the high voltage inside the battery. Other systems are designed to do the same thing in如果是补充约束系统（SRS）或安全气囊部署。重要的是要知道高压系统由车辆中的12-V系统控制。

Understanding the basics of how electricity works can help dispel some of the myths surrounding high voltage in the transportation industry. Knowing that electricity is more than what we can see will help prevent hesitation when dealing with the emergingtechnologies今天的。

保罗·宾顿（Paul Bindon）是一名研究专家MGS Tech还有现场培训师，并在Corona-X研讨会上完成了解脱培训。他还是ASE认证的大师汽车技术员，在汽车领域拥有超过23年的经验。在过去的16年中，他一直在雷克萨斯经销店工作；他通过最新汽车技术的工厂培训获得了主诊断专家和混合认证。