控制下
BY JOHN A. REARDON
Your fire department responds to a working fire in the rear of a dwelling and initiates an interior attack. A line is stretched through the front door as another crew starts ventilation. As this is occurring, the chief arrives, confers with the officer in charge, and radios dispatch:
Dispatch: Chief 1 on the scene assuming Maple Street Command.
As this rather typical fire proceeds, the dispatchers, who have handled several emergency medical calls in the meantime, receive the following transmission:
派遣：枫树街司令部报告中的大火。
谁的控制权？
This radio message signifies a very important moment during that fire or any other emergency.
INCIDENT PRIORITIES
国家火cademy teaches three key scene priorities in its “Incident Command Course”: life safety, stabilization, and property conservation.
These priorities are key to the operations we might use on the fireground and have a relationship to operational priorities developed by Lloyd Layman in the 1950s (referred to as “RECEO”), as taught in the NFA course “Managing Company Tactical Operations: Decision Making: rescue, exposure protection, confinement, extinguishment, and overhaul.
This relationship is illustrated in the matrix below.
It can easily be seen that certain operations are directly related to incident priorities. Rescue relates to life safety and overhaul to property conservation. The matrix does not dictate the order of operations. For instance, a fire in a hospital may dictate that the fire be extinguished first, to remove the threat. Nevertheless, there is a general relationship between the operations.
Not as obvious, but within the matrix, is a relationship to the radio message “Fire under control.” Obviously, prior to that message, the fire was not “under control.” In fact, the fire was in control.
火开始和检测。调度是notified and alerts the fire department. Once alerted, the fire department reacts: Personnel jump up, don PPE, mount apparatus, start apparatus, drive to the scene, size up the incident, select and stretch hoselines, secure a water supply, provide for search and rescue, treat the injured, ladder the building, vent the building, attack the fire, and so on. We are not in control but are reacting to the incident. The fire is controlling us.
如果我们的运营成功，我们将实现击倒，稳定事件并扭转火灾对我们的控制。正是在这一点上，我们拥有控制权，并且可以真正积极主动。
不管我们在攻击中有多么“积极主动”，事实仍然是我们对这种情况做出反应，不能真正积极主动。从本质上讲，随着我们从反应到促进，我们应该从第一阶段的规划转移到第二阶段规划。
消防员的伤害绝对不应被理所当然，但是如果在战斗的热量中确实发生了伤害，在稳定之前，我们通常可以合理化（即使我们无法证明）。但是稳定后受伤呢？在我们拥有控制之后！
Prior to stabilization, we have time against us. After stabilization, we control time, and it is on our side.
A question each of us should ask is, Can we decrease the amount of time it takes to reach the point of stabilization?
上图说明了这段时间的转变，假设在场景上花费了相同的时间。不同之处在于，在相同的时间内，我们花费的时间更少，而变得更加积极主动。在我们控制的事件中花费了更多时间。
ACHIEVING EARLY STABILIZATION
To achieve an earlier stabilization time, which will enable you to shift from being reactive to proactive at the fire scene, necessitates proactive management. A proactive management approach entails a long list of items that begins with hiring practices. Yet, even working with what we now have, we can do several things that will expedite stabilizing the fire.
事前计划有助于确定建筑物的类型和建造以及其占领。有了这些信息，我们可以评估不同的攻击方法并考虑各种因素。
Company and multicompany training sessions can be held with the intent of improving coordination between companies.
Apparatus practices can be studied to ensure a quick fire attack and sustained water flow. Just studying how apparatus is positioned will reveal when equipment is not being used to its maximum potential.
EFFECTS OF STAFFING
We should take a critical look at response times and the number of personnel responding. Raymond M. Hill, former chief engineer of the Los Angeles (CA) Fire Department, cites seven principles for fire attack.1 He identifies one as the “principle of mass action,” which he explains as follows: “A superior force (mass action) must be concentrated at the critical time and place in order to obtain results. The force used must be greater than that which is `just adequate.` ”
Carl von Clauswitz`s On War, still a great seller and available in most bookstores, discusses combat in military operations. He explains: “In such an aspect we grant that the superiority in numbers is the most important factor in the result of a combat, only it must be sufficiently great to be a counterpoise to all the other cooperating circumstances. The direct result of this is that the greatest possible number of troops should be brought into action at the decisive point.”2
不管我们通过临时计划，培训等做出的所有准备工作，要实现快速敲低和稳定的主要因素是在现场有足够的力量来发起和支持有效的攻击。
快速干预
我们的进攻性，积极的攻击不应没有风险/福利分析或足够的备份。希尔还标识了与人事安全有关的“安全原则”：“安全对于消防人员的安全和保存战斗力至关重要。安全性是由保护消防公司及其人员免受过度风险的措施的建立和维护。”
继续冯·克劳斯维兹（Von Clauswitz）：“从上述章节的主题（从他的先前的报价中），这是获得相对优越性的一般努力，还有另一个努力，因此，这在其本质上必须同样是一般的：这就是这是一个惊喜敌人。”
Fire, as our enemy, too often provides us with a surprise: that rapid buildup of heat, flashovers, and building collapses. Therefore, we should provide, as part of our mass action, the necessary reserve for a surprise. Our problem exists in how we respond. During the Gulf War, personnel, equipment, and supplies were amassed before taking action. We are not generally afforded that opportunity and must look again at the issue of having adequate personnel arrive in a timely manner.
While many management tools may be used to enhance fire department operations and may help achieve early stabilization, the fact is that they are useless if a sufficient and properly coordinated force is not at the fire scene at the critical time of initial attack.
再次引用希尔：“应牢记，行动和无所作为都是普遍的风险。”在采取进攻行动之前，我们必须简单地等待其他人员或相互援助的援助的观念意味着我们正在延迟稳定，并使建筑物受到增加的伤害，即使是不稳定的地步。如果我们回到图形，我们会发现自己将稳定点降低到时间尺度上，结果很容易看到：我们增加了保持反应性的时间段。直到我们到达防御性的地步之前，我们会增加对消防员以及可能向公众造成的伤害和死亡的机会。
Using the concept of incident priorities for management assessment and analysis, our effort is to move the point of stabilization closer to our arrival time than to the time when we pick up. Early stabilization results in less damage to the structure. More importantly, it allows us to dictate what happens on the scene. We become the controllers, and we can be truly proactive. During the attempts to gain control, an injury may be rationalized, and it will be. But once we have control, we can also control our injury rates. n
尾注
1. Hill，Raymond M.，“火灾战斗！”火灾司令部，1974年8月；基于1973年国家消防协会第一欧洲消防会议上的演讲。
2.冯·克劳斯维兹（Von Clauswitz），卡尔（Carl）。关于战争，企鹅书，1832年；转载于1988年。
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The general relationship between incident priorities and tactical objectives at a fire incident.
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A shifting of the point of stabilization on a time line, thus accomplishing earlier control or knockdown of a fire and a reduced reaction period.
约翰·A·雷登（John A. Reardon）是底特律（MI）消防局的退休中尉。他目前负责密歇根州商业镇的一家安全培训公司，并且是密歇根州消防局教师协会主席。
