下水道和供水。

下水道和供水。

A number of towns, it is gratifying to observe, says The Canadian Health Journal, are making or are about to make provisions for a public water supply. Many of them, however, have no special sewerage system, and are not even providing for this. Such a course is a mistake. Certain portions of cities in like manner are sometimes supplied freely with water from the public source, where there arc no sewers in the locality for carrying away the excess of water. There should invariably be some provision for carrying off the waste water from all buildings, even with the use of dry earth closets. Otherwise the soil will become most injuriously saturated with impurities. This is a rule laid down by the most experienced sanitarians, and the practice of it is of obvious utility and indispensableness.

由于涉及的费用的错误印象，许多小城镇被阻止引入下水道，并享受较高的卫生条件。为雨水和污水提供的旧式下水道系统，需要非常大的昂贵下水道管道。对该系统的反对是将大量的沙子和砾石洗到管道上，这些沙子和砾石频繁地形成大坝，导致污水积聚在水池中，并用进攻气体填充管道，这迟早会发现它们的路与污水系统相连的房屋。现代的“独立系统”的污水处理提供了两条独立的管道，一个用于将雨水带走，另一个用于污水，价格要便宜得多，因为必须绝对不透水，而对于雨水来说，普通的排水管会回答。实际上，在某些城镇中，在高或滚动的情况下，可以通过表面排水来运输雨水。发现小管子回答了污水处理传导的目的比大型管道好得多，因为该流更加填充管道，更自由地流动，从而使管道从沉积物中更加自由。据说，一个八英寸的下水道甚至一百只脚，甚至是一百英尺，造成的污水比从一排房屋中排出的污水要多得多，每个房屋都有40英尺的“前面”，长两英里，每个房屋房子被五个人占据；据认为，每个人每天提供不少于60至80加仑的污水或受污染的水。 It has been estimated that in average soils an eight-inch sewer pipe can be laid at an expense, including cost of pipe, of less than $2000 per mile ; the expense to each forty feet of front being only about $10,60, and the interest at 4 per cent, forty-two cents a year, or eight cents per head of occupants. With a sinking fund to pay off the principal in twenty or forty years, so that the next generation, who would receive equal benefit, would aid in the payment, the yearly cost would be far less than is constantly being paid almost daily for some trifling, useless or injurious luxury.