对火的责任。
E. S. Hand持有已故的爱德华·阿特金森（Edward Atkinson），唯一可以防止火灾损失的人是建筑物的所有者或乘员。在他们身上，在几乎每场大火中发生了重大损失的责任。所有者有责任建立材料，以阻止火势开始，并提供将防止火灾传播的设备，并且占领者有责任熟悉本人和他的控制范围此类材料和设备的功能，最终可以在紧急情况下迅速有效地使用它们。通过遵循这些原则，汉格先生声称“在土地上几乎所有建筑物中，消防危机可能会大大减少。实际上，它可能会降低到某个点，而这种概率并不是要没有发生大火，而是将结果损失微不足道的，几乎可以确定。”至于防火设计：“大概，在防火建筑物设计中寻求两个物体：首先，防止火在自己的墙壁内蔓延，以及从附近的建筑物中加入火，其次，承受极端的温度，而不会损害其结构元素。”在这两个孤立原则中，“重要性更大”。“在减少火损失时，考虑了两个要素：首先，预防火势开始； second, the limiting of the spread of fire. Attempt to eliminate the cause is usually unsatisfactory and is frequently predetermined to failure by reason of inherent and essential conditions. In limiting the spread of fire, however, an immense vista of possihilitics is opened, in which are embraced all of the elemental features of building design, the field of fire-extinguishing apparatus and the topographical lay-out of communities.” Building conditions in the United States are not to be compared with those obtaining anywhere else in the world. Wood has been cheap and the price of ground in congested communities expensive. The result is apparent in buildings that tend to several stories in height, with inflammable structural elements. "In order to conserve the confining of fire to its narrowest limits, certain fundamental features of design asserted their efficiency in the course of experience. These are: Segregating of the floors of a building in such manner that fire may be conlined upon such level in other words, the cutting off of all vertical communication from floor to floor-and the protecting of the outside openings, window and skylight, of all buildings to guard against the contribution of fire from neighboring buildings. Roughly speaking, the modern cotton mill, from a structural point of view, is guarded against the spread of fire in two ways. The isolation of each floor is secured by constructing the floor members solidly and by inclosing each vertical opening from floor-level to floor-level in a brick tower without the wall line of the building, entrances to each floor being protected by suitable fire-doors. The buildings are protected, one against the other, by guarding each wall and roof opening. In the design of a modern skyscraper none of these thoroughly proved requisites seems to have found general expression. The construction of the building as a whole has been of a much more resistant type; but free communication has been allowed from floor to floor-level, and, until within comparative few years, no account has been taken of the danger of contribution of fire from neighboring structures. The almost necessarily inflammable equipment and furnishing of the modern office building has provided an abundance of fuel to wreck great damage under suitable conditions, and the results are attested by the gaunt shells which mark the paths of our recent great conflagrations. The lesson of these disasters has become obvious to all, illustrating the fundamental danger of fire being contributed from one building to another under unfavorable conditions, unless buildings in general be provided with an armor of protection against the attack of outside fire. This, in brief, is the definition of exposure-hazard : The danger of one building becoming ignited by reason of a fire existing in a neighboring building. The likelihood of the rapid soread of fire is the one phase of the problem o! fire protection of which it is impossible to prophesy. All conflagrations have comparatively insignificant beginnings, and only by reason of the weakness represented by the exposure-hazard do such small starts develop so rapidly that thev get beyond the control of the local firefighting force. Structural conditions which make for the rapid spread of fire from building to building are peculiar, and they concern almost wholly the exterior shells of the buildings. A building, for instance, may be highly incombustible in, and of itself; yet, if the window and other openings in the outside shell offer but small resistance to outside attack, the contents of such structures will take fire with the greatest readiness. Nothin^ could have shown this more clearly than the experience of the ‘fireproof’ skyscrapers in Baltimore, Rochester and San Francisco. These buildings were constructed and equipped so as to make very unlikely their destruction from a blaze starting within; yet they took fire in a number of stories at the same time, and in every instance through their window-openings. Once alight in that manner, everything inflammable within was destroyed, and, instead of proving barriers to the spread of the conflagration, they acted rather as funnels, assisting immensely to the spread of the flame. It is hardly necessary to say that only buildings having brick, stone or concrete walls can be considered as open to treatment for fire protection. Given such a shell, however, the problem of guarding against the exposure-hazard resolves itself purely into a question of proper protection for window and skylight openings. For skylights but one method is practical—glazing with wire-glass set in metal frames. For window-openings two methods find general use—shutters and wire-glass windows.”
E. S. Hand持有已故的爱德华·阿特金森（Edward Atkinson），唯一可以防止火灾损失的人是建筑物的所有者或乘员。在他们身上，在几乎每场大火中发生了重大损失的责任。所有者有责任建立材料，以阻止火势开始，并提供将防止火灾传播的设备，并且占领者有责任熟悉本人和他的控制范围此类材料和设备的功能，最终可以在紧急情况下迅速有效地使用它们。通过遵循这些原则，汉格先生声称“在土地上几乎所有建筑物中，消防危机可能会大大减少。实际上，它可能会降低到某个点，而这种概率并不是要没有发生大火，而是将结果损失微不足道的，几乎可以确定。”至于防火设计：“大概，在防火建筑物设计中寻求两个物体：首先，防止火在自己的墙壁内蔓延，以及从附近的建筑物中加入火，其次，承受极端的温度，而不会损害其结构元素。”在这两个孤立原则中，“重要性更大”。“在减少火损失时，考虑了两个要素：首先，预防火势开始； second, the limiting of the spread of fire. Attempt to eliminate the cause is usually unsatisfactory and is frequently predetermined to failure by reason of inherent and essential conditions. In limiting the spread of fire, however, an immense vista of possihilitics is opened, in which are embraced all of the elemental features of building design, the field of fire-extinguishing apparatus and the topographical lay-out of communities.” Building conditions in the United States are not to be compared with those obtaining anywhere else in the world. Wood has been cheap and the price of ground in congested communities expensive. The result is apparent in buildings that tend to several stories in height, with inflammable structural elements. "In order to conserve the confining of fire to its narrowest limits, certain fundamental features of design asserted their efficiency in the course of experience. These are: Segregating of the floors of a building in such manner that fire may be conlined upon such level in other words, the cutting off of all vertical communication from floor to floor-and the protecting of the outside openings, window and skylight, of all buildings to guard against the contribution of fire from neighboring buildings. Roughly speaking, the modern cotton mill, from a structural point of view, is guarded against the spread of fire in two ways. The isolation of each floor is secured by constructing the floor members solidly and by inclosing each vertical opening from floor-level to floor-level in a brick tower without the wall line of the building, entrances to each floor being protected by suitable fire-doors. The buildings are protected, one against the other, by guarding each wall and roof opening. In the design of a modern skyscraper none of these thoroughly proved requisites seems to have found general expression. The construction of the building as a whole has been of a much more resistant type; but free communication has been allowed from floor to floor-level, and, until within comparative few years, no account has been taken of the danger of contribution of fire from neighboring structures. The almost necessarily inflammable equipment and furnishing of the modern office building has provided an abundance of fuel to wreck great damage under suitable conditions, and the results are attested by the gaunt shells which mark the paths of our recent great conflagrations. The lesson of these disasters has become obvious to all, illustrating the fundamental danger of fire being contributed from one building to another under unfavorable conditions, unless buildings in general be provided with an armor of protection against the attack of outside fire. This, in brief, is the definition of exposure-hazard : The danger of one building becoming ignited by reason of a fire existing in a neighboring building. The likelihood of the rapid soread of fire is the one phase of the problem o! fire protection of which it is impossible to prophesy. All conflagrations have comparatively insignificant beginnings, and only by reason of the weakness represented by the exposure-hazard do such small starts develop so rapidly that thev get beyond the control of the local firefighting force. Structural conditions which make for the rapid spread of fire from building to building are peculiar, and they concern almost wholly the exterior shells of the buildings. A building, for instance, may be highly incombustible in, and of itself; yet, if the window and other openings in the outside shell offer but small resistance to outside attack, the contents of such structures will take fire with the greatest readiness. Nothin^ could have shown this more clearly than the experience of the ‘fireproof’ skyscrapers in Baltimore, Rochester and San Francisco. These buildings were constructed and equipped so as to make very unlikely their destruction from a blaze starting within; yet they took fire in a number of stories at the same time, and in every instance through their window-openings. Once alight in that manner, everything inflammable within was destroyed, and, instead of proving barriers to the spread of the conflagration, they acted rather as funnels, assisting immensely to the spread of the flame. It is hardly necessary to say that only buildings having brick, stone or concrete walls can be considered as open to treatment for fire protection. Given such a shell, however, the problem of guarding against the exposure-hazard resolves itself purely into a question of proper protection for window and skylight openings. For skylights but one method is practical—glazing with wire-glass set in metal frames. For window-openings two methods find general use—shutters and wire-glass windows.”
