约翰·谢弗（John Shafer）
When消防员想一想“食谱”一词，很可能是消防厨师鞭打一些美味食物的图像，而不是他们的下一次火。但是，如果消防员不知道他们回应的建筑物的变化，则已经有一段时间的严峻食谱可能导致不必要的伤害和死亡。
本文简要概述了此食谱的成分以及如何建造affects fires that occur inside. To understand how this recipe has evolved, we look to history.
许多事情和事件改变了当今的结构。但是，最大的催化剂可能是1970年代的能源危机。一夜之间，美国人在环境上意识到活力they used and looked for ways to reduce not only energy consumption but also ways to change the buildings to make them more energy efficient. Government initiatives and code requirements have taken many different paths, but in the end it was all about saving energy.
除了降低能源账单外，能源代码可以减少负载增长和对新的能源产能的需求，同时限制空气污染和温室气体排放。认识到这些好处，大多数州都采用了某种形式的建筑能源代码，用于住宅和商业建筑。尽管此事件对于创建该食谱的节能组成部分是最重要的，但在这个致命的环境中还有更多。现代建筑的这种食谱可以分为两个主要类别 - 建筑物本身及其设计，建筑方法和内部的燃料包装。
现代建筑
描述现代区别的最佳方法建筑物他们的前任是，现代结构是由质量较小且越来越远的材料建造的。这允许没有隔间的大型开放平面图。强调活力然后，效率会创建一个超隔离的建筑信封。最重要的是，还有其他功率来源，例如太阳能和风，为消防员增加了新危害。
The variety of elements firefighters could encounter is too vast for one commentary. This article presents an overview of these topics to peak your interest so you will further investigate these changes. There is so much more to learn about建筑建筑比国家消防协会涵盖的五种建筑类型220，Standard Types of Building Construction.
结构元素
结构元素have evolved from large heavy timber columns and beams to low-mass engineered members made of sawdust and glue. Lightweight truss construction is nothing new to most firefighters and has been around for as long as I can remember. However, most firefighters focus only on the gusset plates and glued connections. The real danger is that engineered products no longer have mass compared to legacy elements and were designed to span the great distances with the least amount of material. The gusset plates fail early in the fire because the material is consumed so quickly. In recent Underwriters Laboratories studies, they examined loss mass engineered wood I-beams and found that they could fail in as little time as 3 minutes, 28 seconds compared to 11 minutes, 9 seconds that it took a solid wooden floor beam.1如果木制的I-咖啡师还不够，我们现在有I楼，而不是精制的实木。这些I层可能已经在到达时已经失败，或者在您尝试上升或下降时可能会失败。由于现代建筑中的故障时间较短，因此最初到达的消防人员可能处于进入结构时结构崩溃的严重危险。此外，可能会发生整个结构系统的灾难性失败，而不是仅失去一个支持成员。
开放平面图
今天的大房子开放平面图是下一个致命成分。该成分是低质量工程产品的结果。由于这些产品旨在通过几何形状跨越更大的距离，因此它们成为现代结构中最常见的属性之一，即具有高价值的天花板的开放式平面图。这些变化为消防员造成了许多潜在的问题，这些消防员像在过去几年的结构中一样对待现代结构中的火灾。这些较大的建筑物以几种方式影响火灾：它们允许大量的燃烧产品在结构内部。当火灾三角形的所有三个组成部分处于正确条件下，大量烟雾可能会出现更大的快速燃烧事件。大量的烟雾使不协调的通风减少了宽容，易于突然闪存。其他常见的陷阱消防员以开放的概念平面图和更高的天花板陷入困境，因为它们通常都打开了，因此它们更深入地进入结构。然后，他们在大量浓郁的高架烟雾中散发出来，不像过去有八英尺高的天花板那样感受到辐射热。
Panels
如前所述，从活力1970年代的危机导致许多实践使结构构成空气紧密。现代节能结构，例如结构绝缘面板（SIP）和隔热混凝土形式（ICF）是两种现代结构，与典型的V型木框架结构相比，它们面临着挑战。
这两种类型的面板都是负载轴承，而不是结构层次结构的正常点对点负载传输。SIP是复合的结构具有刚性泡沫的绝缘芯的面板 - 通常的聚苯乙烯或聚氨酯和结构面，最常见于7/16英寸厚的方向链板（OSB）。与传统的棍子框架结构相比，SIP房屋的空气泄漏最多可减少90％，并节省40％的能源。2
ICF是一种用于钢筋混凝土的塑料泡沫模板系统，它作为墙壁，地板和屋顶的永久内部和外部底物保持原样。这些形式是互锁的模块化单元，这些单元被干燥（无砂浆）并充满混凝土。这些形式有些锁定，并为建筑物的结构墙壁或地板创建形式。还有许多其他类型的节能结构成分。但是，在过去的五到十年中，几乎所有建造的房屋都包裹着可以由各种材料制成的房屋包裹。它们可以用作水蒸气和空气屏障，使房屋更紧密。
视窗
Windows在制作中起主要作用建筑物能源效率。在过去,windows usually the first thing to fail in a fire. We would arrive and fire was showing from the windows. However, today’s thermal pane windows can have three layers and sometimes may be the last part of the structure to fail, eventually making the fire ventilation controlled. The fire consumed the available air and the windows stayed intact, leading us to think that nothing is showing when in reality the structure is full of fuel-rich smoke that only needs air to flash over.
绝缘
增加绝缘is by far the greatest factor in making structures airtight and energy efficient Insulation is nothing new and was in structures in the past; however, the major difference is that more insulation and foam plastics are used today. There is a major push to have less wood and more insulation in modern residential structures because several types of insulation can be used to increase the R value (how well building insulation materials can resist heat). Rigid foam is one way home builders can increase the R value of the home and not change methods of construction. Also, many new state and local codes are allowing more rigid foam to meet national活力initiatives, such as Environmental Protection Agency Energy Star requirements. This increase is great to the homeowner’s pocketbook all year round, but it has added a way more flammable fuel load to the building envelope than ever before, which can lead to shorter flashover times and buildings burning down faster.
Alternate renewable活力诸如太阳能和风之类的消息来源会带来其他危害，例如在当今现代能源意识的环境中可以找到的震动和滑动旅行。大多数消防部门没有经过适当的培训或准备应对这些危害。如果您的战术计划需要垂直通风，则太阳能电池板可能会产生屋顶访问问题。准备这些替代能源至关重要。
The biggest and most deadly ingredient in this fatal recipe comes from what is within the建造。Household contents have evolved from natural products such as cotton and wood to synthetic materials. Synthetic materials such as polyurethane foam have replaced cotton as the padding in upholstered furniture. However, the added flammable fuel is not just in the upholstered furniture. Look around your home or the home of your next medical call. You will see everything from plastic electronics to the foam padding we walk on. They will add massive amounts of fuel-rich抽烟到只需要空气才能完全燃烧的建筑物。
鉴于这些变化，最重要的是，消防员是建筑环境的恒定学生及其几乎连续进行的变化。
Endnotes
2。http://www.premiersips.com/comparisons/zeh5_40_saver.pdf。
BIO
John Shafer是消防局的22年资深人士，是格林卡斯特（In）消防部门的船长和培训官。他指示建筑建设，壁炉搜索和指挥管理。他是芝加哥的承销商实验室的技术小组成员，用于当前的消防测试。他还是印第安纳州国土安全区7消防训练协调员。他曾担任印第安纳州国土安全部的顾问，以开发该州的消防训练系统，并协助建立7区培训委员会和第7区响应工作队。他管理着Facebook上消防服务的社交网站绿色建筑建筑。他是Green Maltese LLC的所有者/作家，也是Fire Training Toolbox.com的共同所有人。
