工业工厂保护
南部的棉花存储和杜松子酒大火危险
Steel Teeth in Gin Machines Often Cause Sparks That Start Fire in Cotton-Material Stored in Warehouses to Await High Prices
FARICTIONAL electricity caused by the rapid passmg of lint cotton through the metal machinery has resulted in so many fires that the United States Bureau of Standards has made exhaustive experiments and drawn up standards and specifications for the proper electrical grounding of metal machinery. Fires are so frequent in the gin machines that steam jets in lint flues and condensers have become part of the standard gin equipment. However, in electrically-driven gins these steam jets are not available and their absence adds considerable to the risk. Usually manual protection is the only protection available, but in cities and towns where water supplies can be procured, it is not unusual to find standard inside and outside protection and often full sprinkler equipments in large, well established plants.
Flash Hazards
快速闪光危害在杜松子酒中一直很普遍。然而，通常，由于摩擦电力（机械没有正确地接地），热轴承，棉质棉绒的球以及杜松子酒的敲击，杜松子酒锯在生棉中的外来材料引起的旋风机械发生了小火。。因此，与这种异物更自由的手工挑选的棉花在杜松过程中产生了最小的危险。
即使这些小火在其朴素中熄灭时，闷烧的棉布也不频繁地排放到打包压力机中，并在仍然闷烧的同时被打包。这些捆可以存放在杜松子酒上，也可以运到仓库中以存放或放在船只中。大火可能在紧紧压制的捆内闷，几天或几周，没有被发现，然后突然爆炸起来。有记录在记录的情况下，在棉花被杜松和打包后的几个月后，捆包从隐藏的内部火灾中爆炸起来，并在海上摧毁了船只。因此，我们非常关心农民收获和照顾棉花的方法。
Gins at Cottonseed Oil Mills
As the ginneries separate the seed from the cotton, they are, therefore, the chief seed supply for the cottonseed oil industry. Therefore, many crude cottonseed oil mills have their own gin plants. Here, after the cotton is ginned, the farmer has a ready market for his seed, and the cottonseed oil mill ginneries are, therefore, quite popular with the farmer, provided they offer a fair price for the seed.
Often public cotton storage warehouses erect ginneries on their premises as an added attraction to the farmer to bring his cotton to them for storage. Gins located on the premises of cottonseed oil mills or cotton storage warehouses are usually afforded inside and outside protection and often standard watch service and automatic sprinklers. Without doubt such protection affords better fire risks, but the large credits in rates play havoc with the loss ratios on even these well protected classes.
The Independent Farmer
到目前为止，杜松子酒植物的比例很大，位于该国的十字路口。许多人是由大种植者竖起的私人杜松子酒，以方便镀金自己的大型农作物。其他人则是公众的依赖，因为它们的受欢迎程度是社区中善变的农民的异想天开。毫无疑问，农民是世界上所谓的商人最独立的阶级。他们将农产品带到最方便的市场，为商品提供最高的价格。多年来从事繁荣生意的杜松子酒在一个季节破产，原因是砍伐一条新道路，这使农民能够更轻松地将棉花带到更遥远的杜松子酒。众所周知，一家杂货店的建造使棉花社区中的农民立即停止光顾他们多年来使用的杜松子酒，并将其棉花带到最近的新商店的杜松子酒。在更遥远的地方，他们的棉花更美好的市场可能会导致他们将棉花迈尔·贝德尔德（Beyotld）带到以前使用的杜松子酒。
The prosperity of a gin is also directly dependent upon the size of the crop in the community which it serves. Therefore, a crop failure in a certain section produces a poor business year for the gins in that section.
Machinery Heavily Mortgaged
国家financ杜松子酒通常受到限制ial backing. The vast majority of them are built on borrowed money and are heavily mortgaged. Most gin machinery manufacturers sell the ginning machinery on a “pay as you go” basis, taking heavy mortgages on the machinery in the gins. These machinery mortgages are not considered serious by the underwriters, but when heavy mortgages in addition to these machinery mortgages are placed on the gin property a serious moral hazard is apparent.
因此，我们看到，再加上严重的火灾危害与杜松子酒的实际操作有关，每个季节变化的变化条件变得复杂，并使风险下的智能经历变得非常困难。
From the ginnery, cotton is transported to the warehouse. The small farmer who wishes to hold his cotton for better prices and who has only a few bales may take them back to the farm and store them in the open, under sheds or in the barn. Cotton cannot be stored in the open for any great length of time without deteriorating so that usually it is put under cover. By far the great majority of the cotton finds its way to the warehouses for storage or shipment soon after being ginned.
Cotton storage in the Southern States has become a very large and general business. In almost every town there are cotton storage warehouses where a farmer may store his cotton on a per bale basis. The underwriters’ requirements for the handling and storage of cotton are very specific. In the smaller warehouses where limited amounts of cotton are stored, warehousemen are not usually so punctilious about following these requirements, but in the larger warehouses, at the big concentration points. values are so great and insurance premiums so large, that a small reduction in rate results in considerable saving. Therefore, in these large warehouses may be found every known device for reducing the fire hazard.
Warehouses
小型棉花仓库通常是一个高度的一个故事，墙壁上有十七英寸的砖侧墙，木材的屋顶覆盖着构图和砾石。分区墙（如果有的话）应为十七英寸的厚度，在屋顶上方有三英寸的墙壁和末端挤压。端壁优选是轻型框架结构，并带有易于开放的大型框架门。框架的末端应轻松去除，以便消防员可以轻松进入棉花。因此，即使在一部分纵火之后，也挽救了很多棉花。实际上，即使在一头棉花燃烧着棉花之后，它也可能被熄灭，大部分棉花被拯救出来。
The larger cotton warehouses are sectioned off in fire divisions. The standards require not more than 1,000 bales to be stored in one section. Eleven square feet of floor area is allowed for the storage of one bale. This allows sufficient excess area for the necessary aisle spaces between bales. So that salvaging may be made easy in case of fire, cotton should not be stored higher than one bale on end. During congested periods, however, warehousemen find it necessary to tier the cotton, storing it in tiers, two bales laid flat, or one on end and one flat, or two on end, or in extreme cases, three on sides.
Many of the larger warehouses have cotton compresses for repressing the cotton for overseas shipment. Such cotton as is consumed in this country is rarely repressed. The compress is usually cut off from the storage sections of the warehouse by standard division walls, with openings properly protected.
新认可的闪电危害
Among close students of cotton underwriting, considerable interest in lightning losses has developed. In several warehouses fires have occurred which have totally destroyed the entire contents of several fire sections. Experiments carried on in the experimental laboratories of the General Electric Company appear to have thrown very interesting light on the subject. In baling cotton metal ties are used. These ties run laterally around the bale and are spaced about eight inches apart. By experiment it has been proven that the electricitydischarged at a voltage approximating that of lightning will set up a static charge on the metal ties of baled cotton. This static charge, if of sufficient intensitv, will are across to the ground, setting fire to the cotton bale. Thus, if we follow the experiment to its logical conclusion. a bolt of lighting striking in one fire section of a warehouse might set up fires in nearhy sections from these induced electrical charges on the cotton hale ties. The logical cure for such lightning hazard would, of course, he adequate lightning-rod protection for the entire warehouse.
From the public and private warehouses, and sometimes direct from the gins and the farms cotton in bales is shipped direct to the mills.
New England’s Textile Industry
These mills are scattered over the South, the Southwest, and the East. Until the World War most of the textile manufacturing was done in the New England States. Under a svstem of manufacturing built up through generations of effort. New England had practically a monopoly on the industry.
The Industry Moves South
At the same time the textile industry in the South and Southwest was in its infancy. Through lack of capital and experience the Southern mills lived a hand-to-mouth existence, scarcely being able to survive the strong, stitff competition from New England.
When the World War came the Southern mills were breathing their dying gasp. But the sudden enormous demand for the South’s products created by the World War brought to the South the financial relief she so sorely needed. With this new wealth she was able to develop the wonderful advantages nature had so lavishly bestowed upon her. advantages in climate, labor conditions. cheap hydroelectric power, and her close proximity to the source of raw stock supply; so it was that in less than ten years’ time the positions of the New England and the Southern mills were reversed. New, beautiful, modern mills sprang up like mushrooms throughout the Piedmont sections of the Carolinas, Georgia and Alabama.
Conversely New England’s cotton mill industry began to slump. Some of the world’s largest textile organizations went into bankruptcy. Corporations’ paper that had been gilt edge for generations became worthless and New England and the whole East stood astounded. Many of the large New England mills have discarded their old plants and have followed the trend of the industry south, there to erect new. modern plants on an even larger and grander scale than those they have abandoned in the North.
Apparatus Purchase Recommended for Oswego, N. Y.&emdash; A special committee has recommended that the council of Oswego, N. Y., purchase a new chemical car and a ladder truck.
Pumper交付给N. Y. Sayville一个1000加仑的麦克消防车已经送到ayville, N. Y. It is equipped with the usual tools and a foam generator.
