FIRE AND WATER

FIRE AND WATER

EXPERIENCE talks at water-works conventions, although not always in the scientific order of procedure, are in many cases exceedingly valuable and a great help to water-works superintendents and others bent on acquiring practical information. Mr. Walker, superintendent at Manchester, N. H., says in thawing out a service pipe he caused to be dug a hole two feet deep and three feet across, in which was placed some lime and water, leaving it over night, and the next morning finding everything is all thawed out. We would have been glad to furnish our readers with additional information about the interesting method Mr. Walker has adopted for thawing out service pipes, but in the absence of it can only assume that the heat generated by the lime in contact with the water, was the medium which increased the temperature of the earth surrounding the frozen service pipe. Nevertheless we are of the opinion that if lime is not used circumspectly about iron and lead pipes under ground, trouble may ensue in the way of oxidation by action of the lime. M. L. Fuller, C. E., has had personal experience and observation regarding the deteriorating characteristics of tarred iron service pipes, and explained how gradually the pipe choked up by added layers and nodules of carbonate of iron. Mr. Fuller’s experience is not new to very many cities which permits the useof wrought-iron and galvanized wrought-iron pipe for service use. From seven to ten years is the life period of the ordinary size black and galvanized wrought-iron service pipe. Of course there are exceptional cases. One in the event of the chemical nature of the water passing through service pipes which are more or less slow in action upon the interior surfaces of iron service pipes. The consensus of opinion among plumbers and water-works superintendents appears to be in favor of the use of lead pipe for services. It takes many years of active use to prove any marked deterioration of flow of water through a lead service pipe, occasioned by depositions of mineral or vegetable character. Notable longevity of lead pipe for service use is common and prominently so in districts where the water possesses elements of hardness in marked or in less degree. Mr. Stacy, superintendent, Marlboro, Mass., gave an interesting paper in experience talk, a broken water main in the depth of winter, with three foot of frost in the earth. The leak did not come directly to the surface over the point of fracture, but finding less resistance on its way to a culvert which partially carried off the water, the balance forcing its way to the surface through the culvert. Mr. Stacy did not want to go to work blindly, and devises a plan as follows : Drilling through three foot of frost in three places, find' ing no water but only dry earth ; at the fourth drilling the drill dropped into water after passing through the frost line. By this means he was enabled to locate the leak and dig accordingly.

“承销商煽动布鲁克林消防局的最近调查非常清楚地表明，无论存在什么缺陷，他们都不适合内文斯酋长或他下面的统治部队。众多灾难性的，防火手段不足，表明部队中有纪律处分。没有像他对违反规则的男人那样受到严厉的惩罚。承销商几乎没有获胜。火。他们的断言他缺席的休假比对他的职位的官员的平常更多，这是正式记录引起的，这表明他很少出去，但当缺席时，他的位置是由一个有能力的助手填补的。仅因这种紧急情况而被选中的人。就统一的部队而言，指控落在了地面上。但是调查揭示了一个事实，即消防部门多年来的增加并没有跟上城市的增长，而且供水不足，这也是由于城市的惊人扩张。该委员会对其他发动机房屋和设备以及改进的水设施提出了建议，该设施与Nevins酋长在众多报告中提出的建议直接相符。 Brooklyn's growth has been phenomenal, and the fire department should not be held responsible for the increased fire hazards introduced while their hands have been tied, for lack of proper facilities to contend with thtm.