Photo by Tony Greco.
作者Brian P. Kazmierzak
到目前为止，我们都已经听到了关于承销商实验室（UL）消防员安全研究所（UL-FSRI）和国家标准技术研究所（NIST）研究的咆哮或看到社交媒体的帖子，以及这些团体最终如何进行室内攻击学习。
我发现UL/NIST从未说过室内攻击不好，但是还有其他选择也可能同样有效，并使包括乘员在内的每个人都更安全。由于几个原因，这些其他选择非常重要。首先，消防部门没有黑色或白色。我们是原始的“灰色五十色！”
Second (and most importantly) is staffing. In April 2010, NIST, in conjunction with the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) and the Center for Public Safety Excellence released the有关住宅火山现场实验的报告，一项研究，将不同级别的人员配备与关键的Fireground任务进行比较。这项研究被遗忘了，这是不幸的，因为它可能是所有研究中最重要的部分之一。再加上UL-FSRI和NIST的现代火灾行为作品，它使所有碎片融合在一起。
According to IAFF’s Lori Moore-Merrell of IAFF, a principal investigator on the study, “The four-person crews were able to complete search and rescue 30 percent faster than two-person crews and five percent faster than three-person crews.”
在几项关键任务中，五人组比四人船员快。其他研究人员还记录了五人船员的好处，以在中等和高危机结构（例如高层建筑，商业物业，工厂和仓库）中进行大火。”
Crews of two, three, four, and five firefighters were timed as they performed 22 standard firefighting and rescue tasks to extinguish a live fire in the test facility. Those standard tasks included occupant search and rescue, time to put water on fire, and laddering and ventilation. Apparatus arrival time, the stagger between apparatus, and crew sizes were varied.
研究人员还使用NIST的火力动态模拟器进行了模拟，以检查被困乘员和消防员的内部条件如何变化，如果火灾的发展比实际实验中观察到的速度较慢或更快。火灾模型模拟表明，两人，晚期的船员可能面临一场大火，这是五人，早起的船员面临的火力的两倍。此外，该建模表明，如果消防员较早到达，并且每位机组人员涉及三名或更多人，则被困的乘员受到有毒燃烧产品的接触较少，例如一氧化碳和二氧化碳。
让我们看一下三种不同类型的消防部门及其人员配备模型。
表1.部门人员配备模型
As you can see from Table 1, tactics cannot be the same for the volunteer department who is arriving with 11 or less members to a fire than a department that is getting 56 members on a working fire. There is a large difference in fireground tasks that happen sequentially instead of those that happen simultaneously. A department that shows up with 11 members only really has five members for fireground work after you take out the pump operator, incident commander (IC), emergency medical services stand-by crew, and two or more tanker drivers. So, that department may not be able to able to conduct coordinated fire attack, meaning that the engine is advancing at the same time as the truck while someone else is searching. With the urban staffing of 56 members, that department can put numerous members on a handline; team up two companies to advance a 2½-inch attack line; have companies on the floors above with hoselines; conduct searches under the protection of those hoselines; and have backup lines, a roof team or teams, an outside vent team, a firefighter assist and search team/rapid intervention team, and members throwing ladders and raising aerial devices, all while forming a command team that includes an IC, a safety officer, an accountability officer, a staging area manager, and a fire attack or an operations chief. All of these tasks are coordinated with one another and, in most cases, they happen simultaneously because of response times being well under eight minutes.
人员越低，协调火灾攻击的可能性就越小。如果它不协调，我们最终没有通风，或者更糟的是，没有协调的通风，然后我们被流动路径的排气所困扰，依此类推。
NFPA 1710 Staffing Graphic. (www.iaff266.com）
So, the next time you read on social media someone trashing modern tactics, ask what type of department are they from? Is their staffing the same? If not, the tactics they employ will most likely not be the same as yours. However, your tactics can be similar to theirs with proper training and use of mutual-aid resources.
I wish I had the 56 members at every working incident, but for 99 percent of the fire service world, that is not a reality. Our tactics must be dictated by our staffing and our training, not just by a class we attend or something we’ve read. Remember, just because a tactic was developed in城市的America doesn’t mean we have to use it. But, perhaps we can use it with some minor modifications (and vice versa) for tactics developed in乡村的美国。此外，我们必须关注UL和NIST所做的所有研究，并意识到该研究更是“工具箱中的工具”，我们可以向任何消防部门应用，因为没有“始终”和“永远”我们的工作。
In the end, this isn’t about us; this is about “Mrs. Smith.” We are sworn to save lives and property, so whatever we can do to decrease temperatures, increase oxygen levels, and decrease fire gases, we should do it, no matter the tactic used. To quote the late, great Tom Brennan, “It comes down to tactics. I don’t want to do anything first. I want to do seven things all at once.”
Brian P. Kazmierzak, EFO, CTOis the division chief of training for the Penn Twp. Fire Dept. in Mishawaka, Indiana. He has a bachelor’s degree in fire service administration from Southern Illinois University and serves as the director of operations forwww.firefighterclosecalls.com和网站管理员www.ModernFireBehavior.com. Brian was the recipient of the 2006 F.O.O.L.S. International Dana Hannon Instructor of the Year Award, the 2008 Indiana Fire Chiefs Training Officer of the Year Award Recipient, and the2011 International Society of Fire Service Instructors (ISFSI)/188金宝搏是正规吗乔治·D·邮政年度消防教练. In addition, Brian completed the National Fire Academy’s Executive Fire Officer Program in 2006. He is a CPSE credentialed Chief Training Officer, serves as a Director at Large for theISFSI，并且在UL FSRI PPV研究小组中。
