由Mark van der Feyst
With the decrease in the number of structural fires that we attend each year comescomplacency和生锈。整体上的消防部门比我们十年前的火灾更少。缺乏曝光和我们的持续实践bread-and-butter operationsis breeding a generation of firefighters who are deficient in structural firefighting, a high-risk event that occurs with less and less frequency. It seems that when we do respond to a structural fire, we have no time to think. This is a dangerous time for us, especially if we are rusty with our firefighting skills.
2011年，消防员对美国的1,389,500次大火做出了反应，结构中发生了485,500次大火。Residential fires占建筑物中火灾总数的370,000或76％。这意味着，消防部门每23秒钟都在回应美国某个地方的火灾，每65秒发生一次大火，每85秒在住宅结构中发生大火（Karter，2012年）。
在消防服务中，似乎我们正在摆脱现场训练，并将注意力集中在其他地方。结构性消防是我们必须始188金博网网址多少终如一地锻炼的基本技能的最终。我们必须能够以一种惯常的方式做出反应，这将使我们能够安全，有效，有效地运作。我们似乎将注意力集中在其他高风险事件上，例如水救援，trench rescuE，密闭空间，救援和绳索救援。尽管这些事件当然值得我们在培训中注意，但它们不是我们的日常电话。对于全国大多数消防部门，您上次回应上面列出的其中一项特殊事件是什么时候？您上次回应结构性消防电话是什么时候？如上所述，结构火发生一次每65秒发生一次。那么，为什么我们要远离现场训练呢？
We have two ways to conduct live-fire training: in fixed facilities or inacquired structures。许多大型和中型消防部门在其市政当局内有一座活塔。这些结构是使用混凝土或金属制造建造的，内部有特殊的热量衬里。这些设施可以是A类类型的设施（仅燃烧A类可燃）或使用丙烷。无论哪种方式，它们提供的环境在某种程度上类似于结构性火灾，并带有真正的热量和火焰，以供消防员面对。固定设施的缺点是建筑物内置的高倒塌安全系数。楼梯的建造基本上是为了承受消防员的重量和燃烧塔内部产生的热量。墙壁，天花板和地板也以相同的方式建造。大多数消防员没有考虑检查地板或在固定设施中响起台阶的安全方面，因为他们知道危险极低。固定设施的建筑物建设的安全系数也是一个优势，因为它为在外部和外部运行的机组人员提供了安全网。
丙烷喂养的塔中的一个缺点是，大火并不是真正的真实。出现火焰，但是随着开关的转弯，按钮的按钮或传感器的激活，火焰消失了。袭击人员真的抑制了大火吗？他们做了吗see how fire behaveswhen water is applied to it properly or improperly? In a Class A burn tower, the fire is real inasmuch as it is self-sustained and requires water to suppress it. One advantage of a fixed burn facility is that the structure will last, offering year-round opportunities for live fire training and other topics.
获得的结构是一次真正的结构，一次被占用，可用于消防部门的培训。将许多被收购的结构提供给消防部门以进行培训，包括实时训练。这些结构是消防部门的宝贵资产，因为它们在现实条件下为部门成员提供了低成本的培训。许多消防部门都回避使用获得的结构进行现场训练，因为它们被认为是不安全的环境。我认为，获得的结构可以提供一个非常安全的环境，在遵循和实施适当的安全准则时，将产生现实的培训机会。获得的结构提供了许多好处，例如现实的地板条件，带板条和石膏或干墙的天花板，阁楼条件，楼梯条件和逼真的火灾行为条件。收购的结构可以提供一两天的一两天（取决于结构的大小）现实的实时培训。根据培训时间表和确保财产的护理，获得的结构可以在进行直播培训之前对消防其他方面进行数周的培训。188金博网网址多少
在这些结构中，呈现的大火是真实的，如果不受控制或抑制，将烧毁房屋。进入该结构的消防员需要意识到周围的环境，注意热量和烟雾条件，阅读建筑物，在他们面前的地板上声音，在上升和下降时发出台阶，并确保他们找到了开火和大修，以确保任何隐藏的火灾。获得的结构需要situational awareness–this is as real as it will get. Controlling the risk and managing the danger is essential in making the evolutions a safe one.
消防员在实时训练at fixed facility and acquired structures. From 2001 to 2010, 108 firefighters have died during training evolutions, of which 13 are attributed to live-fire training. Of the 13 fatalities, four are attributed to burns/smoke inhalation, two died from heat stroke, four died from sudden cardiac arrest, two died from an aneurysm or stroke, and one firefighter died as a result of being struck by an apparatus (Fahy, 2012). Although people associate these deaths with acquired structures, there is evidence to show a fixed facility is as dangerous and can take the life of a firefighter as easily as an acquired structure. On October 25, 2005, an adjunct instructor and a career captain died from his injuries sustained in a fixed facility because his face piece failed during the last fire evolution of the day (NIOSH, 2005). It is no wonder that many fire departments are shying away from using fixed facilities and acquired structures because of the its high risk.
一个消防部门正在采取积极的训练训练，是安大略省布兰特福德附近的六国消防局。迈克尔·塞思（Michael Seth）酋长希望提高整个部门在结构消防方面的经验和信心水平。188金博网网址多少他看到了完成此目标的最佳方法实时训练。消防部门可以使用众多获得的结构，这对他们来说是一个好处。酋长决定他要进行这项努力，并以正确的方式进行。
For these活燃烧to be conducted safely, a lot of preparation and planning was required. Chief Mike Seth, Division Chief of Training Vince Martin, and their core of live-fire instructors invest about 40 hours of planning and preparation for just one live burn day. The planning and preparation conducted was in accordance with the guidelines of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 1403,现场火灾训练的标准发展，以及其他地方/省级要求。
It begins with an inspection of the acquired结构体。某些司法管辖区表明，结构工程师进行检查以确定结构完整性和稳定性。这将为培训增加大量费用，但是与工作人员的结构工程师的市政当局可能会消除这一费用。检查将回答以下问题：“这种结构可以用于实时训练吗？”首席讲师和事件安全官必须进行检查。让酋长和其他相关人员伴随检查将有助于确定任何危害，并使他们意识到需要做些什么才能使结构做好准备。我们关注建筑物的结构稳定性。地板听起来很坚固吗？墙壁和天花板是否完好无损，不妥协？楼梯是坚固的吗？ How big are the windows on the second floor (i.e., can they be used as a secondary means of egress)? Are there two doorways on the first floor? Are the windows obstructed? Is the roof in good condition and not sagging, and is there a chimney inside or outside the house? Using a checklist will help in answering these questions and ensure that nothing is forgotten about with the inspection.
我们还关心结构内部的内容，例如地毯，家具，衣服和垃圾。此类项目必须从结构中删除。周围和结构的访问也必须清除。结构周围不允许障碍物，例如，树木阻塞窗户，房屋外部垃圾，停在附近的废弃车辆，或任何可能阻碍免费进入的车辆。如果结构具有地下室，则该区域不应包含任何易燃或可燃液体。炉储油罐必须被抽出并取出。如果地板受到损害，则必须抽出任何可能在地下室中的水，以最大程度地减少溺水的可能性。检查应解释exposures，确认公用事业已断开连接，并考虑烟雾将如何影响周围地区。
The inspection will also address the need to remove the roof shingles and/or exterior siding since some jurisdictions will require this to be done prior to the live-fire training exercise. This will reduce the overall fuel load on the structure exterior and remove any contamination exposure to the environment. Some local jurisdictions may also require testing for the presence of asbestos and lead-based paint in the acquired structure. The local department of environmental protection (DEP) may also require such testing since it will issue a permit attesting that the premises has been cleared of any environmental contaminants and are ready for live-fire training. Without this permit, you cannot conduct the training exercise and criminal charges can be laid. On March 9, 2009, two firefighters from Pittsburgh were charged with conspiring to burn down a house for fire training purposes despite knowing that it contained asbestos. These charges involved the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and were eventually dropped.
The fire chief or the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) may also have to issue a permit for the live fire training exercise, in addition to the DEP permit since it will ensure that all requirements of NFPA 1403 have been met and the structure is approved for the training day.
Once the inspection has been completed, draw a floor plan and a site plan to determine the fire locations, placement of apparatus, placement and number of hoselines, staging areas for the rapid intervention team, the command post, equipment, rehab, and parking. The floor plan will determine the amount of Class A fuel such as pallets and straw bales needed. To establish the number and type of apparatus needed, determine the required water flow based on the size of the structure and any exposures. NFPA Standard 1142,Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Firefighting，是适当的参考。
首席讲师需要选择并任命一名安全官员，该官员将协助计划和准备练习，并选择助理讲师。助理讲师将在每个演变过程中监督各种分配的任务组。这些讲师需要经过良好的培训和认证才能进行现场训练。根据当地管辖权要求，合格的现场指导员可能会因地点而异。在宾夕法尼亚州，成为现场火灾教练或抑制教练的过程如下。
The member must:
- 拥有10年的活跃消防服务。
- Be 28 years of age or older.
- Have three letters of reference from Pennsylvania State Fire Academy Local Level “Suppression Level” Instructors.
- Have 150 hours of documented Structural Track Training
- Have Fire Fighter II Certification (e.g.,国家消防局专业资格(NBFSPQ) or国际消防服务认证大会（IFSAC））
- Hav ofire服务讲师II（NBFSPQ或IFSAC）
- Have Engine Company Operations at Residential Fires— ZSFB和大型结构的火灾操作— ZSFA.
可以接受的替代方案
- Completion of the United States Department of Defense/United States Air Force消防专家
- Technical Training Course在德克萨斯州的Goodfellow空军基地或伊利诺伊州的Chanute空军基地（以前）。
- 哈里斯堡地区社区学院，公共安全中心的消防员招募职业部门。
- 完成招聘水平正式课程not less than 150 hours在职业部门的工作条件下，需要长时间（重点放在结构性消防）中。188金博网网址多少
- 地方教师的教育方法
- Incident Safety Officer — National Fire Academy (NFA)
只有那些符合上述资格的人才能在该州领导和进行现场训练。其他州或司法管辖区只能要求个人获得国际消防学会教师（ISFSI）的认证为现场消防教练。ISFSI提供了火车训练课，用于实时指导，以确保个人为NFPA 1403标准进行这种类型的课程。
所需的讲师人数将基于参加的学生人数。建议至少有15名学生来确保练习能够顺利进行。NFPA 1403所要求的任何高风险培训都需要1：5的讲师比率。对于实时培训，建议使用五到七名讲师，具体取决于当天的目标。六国消防部门使用七到12名讲师进行所有现场训练，因为它使他们能够进出康复，并为任何意外问题提供额外的手。
即将发生的有关直播训练日的通知将被送往开火，学生和警察（如果需要）以及周围的居民。从管辖权到管辖权的过程和程序可能会有所不同。然后，学生参加了四个小时的课堂复习课，涵盖了结构消防的重要方面。188金博网网址多少涵盖的理论包括对建筑物构建，火灾行为，火场的安全性以及分配任务的个人角色的审查。在接受任何直播培训的学生之前，必须对NFPA 1001中消防员I的工作绩效要求进行培训和签名消防员专业资格的标准：
1. Radio usage
2. Fire behavior
3. Portable fire extinguishers
4.梯子
5.消防软管，电器和溪流
6.大修
7. Water supply
8.水平和垂直通风
9. Forcible entry
10.独立呼吸器
11. Vehicle safety
12.搜救
13. Fire extinguishment
14. Structural firefighting
15.场景照明
16.工具维护
紧急医疗服务(EMS)人员参加baseline vitals of each student so when medical monitoring is conducted on the training day, EMS will have a set of baseline vitals to compare to. The students also have their gear inspected to ensure that all components are present, in working condition, gear integrity is not compromised, and all gear fits properly. The individual and the lead instructor sign the inspection documents, which are given to the chief as a part of the record of training.
那天before the training exercise, wet line drills are conducted, in which students practice the required tasks without live fire. Instructors review advancing hoselines, searching, hydraulic ventilation, and ladder raising to the students. This “dress rehearsal” allows students to know what exactly they will be doing the day of live-fire training.
那天of live-fire training需要一个小时或一分之二的铁道部ning to set up all required staging areas, establish required water supply, park all needed apparatus, set up rehab along with EMS, and get hoselines into position and ensure correct water flow and pressure. The lead instructor will conduct a student safety briefing and an instructor briefing and have the appointed safety officer do a last-minute check to verify all needed components are in place. At this the time, a complete walkthrough of the burn building is conducted for the instructors and the students. The walkthrough’s purpose is to familiarize the individual with all exit and entrance locations, the presence of and control measures for any known hazards, all doors and window locations, and to allow participants to ask any questions before training begins. Once all has been verified, the live-fire training day is ready to begin.
A lot of work is involved in making sure that a day of现场训练顺利进行，没有任何问题，所有这些都是安全的。上面的描述是实际事件的缩写版本。如果任何一个人都在考虑进行现场训练日，那么这绝不是遵循的食谱。如果您正在考虑计划这样的一天，请联系以前做过此事并获得认证以领导现场培训以获得指导的人。
实时训练是一个危险的高风险活动，但是通过适当，彻底的计划和准备，如果您花时间并得到适当的指导，可以进行安全的培训日。实时培训具有很大的价值，消防部门应该拥抱它，而不是与之分开。
Works Cited
Fahy, R. F. (2012).美国消防员死亡与培训有关，2001 - 2010年。Quincy: National Fire Protection Association.
Karter, M. J. (2012).2011年美国的火灾损失。Quincy: National Fire Protection Association.
尼什。（2005）。两天后，在培训学院的现场火灾演变中，职业官员受伤 - 宾夕法尼亚州。摩根敦：国家职业安全与健康研究所。
MARK VAN DER FEYST是消防局的14年资深人士，也是伍德斯托克（加拿大安大略省）消防局的成员。他是加拿大，美国和印度的国际教练。宾夕法尼亚州立消防学院的地方镇压教练；188博金宝体育1以及不列颠哥伦比亚省司法研究所的讲师。
