Health Beat, June 2002 – DIESEL EXHAUST AND YOUR HEALTH, Part 1

玛丽·简·迪特玛（Mary Jane Dittmar）
Fire Engineering andFireEngineering.com

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众所周知，柴油排气对人类健康构成危险。柴油是消防员暴露的许多危险材料之一。它可能是您最常见的暴露之一。

新泽西州卫生公共雇员职业安全与卫生计划（PEOSHG）指出，消防局内的柴油消防车的闲置会导致产生的排气散布在整个车站，并在墙壁，食物和衣服上定居，影响了这一问题那些在排气中呼吸的人的健康。¹

柴油燃料特别危险，因为它含有40多种被认为有毒的物质。²柴油排气排放（柴油烟雾）是由颗粒组成的气体，蒸气，液体气溶胶和物质的混合物。它们包含的燃烧产物包括碳（烟灰），氮，水，一氧化碳，醛，二氧化氮和二氧化硫。根据所用燃料和发动机的类型，烟灰含量可能从60％到80％不等。³Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), also found on diesel particulates, are potential health hazards. (1)

The composition of diesel fumes is affected by the quality of the diesel fuel used, the type of engine (standard, turbo, or injector), the state of the engine’s tuning, the fuel pump setting, the workload demand on the engine, the engine temperature, and the degree to which the engine is regularly maintained. (3)

Effects of Exposure
在一项研究中,个人采样技术ed to evaluate the exposures of New York, Boston, and Los Angeles firefighters to particulates from diesel engine exhaust. It was found that the more alarms to which the firefighters responded, the higher their exposure to the particulates. When there were between seven and 15 alarms during an eight-hour shift, exposure levels of total airborne particulates from diesel exhaust ranged from 170 to 480 µg/m3 (micrograms per cubic meter of air) averaged over eight hours. (1) PEOSHG explains that this level value can be better understood when compared with outside levels in those areas. In New York and Boston, air measurements for particulates during this study ranged from 30 to 60 µg/m3. Moreover, PEOSHG noted, the outdoor levels would be expected to contain a variety of particulates, whereas the particulate levels in the fire stations probably contained a higher percentage of particulates from diesel exhaust and thus would have a higher percentage of PAH.

暴露于烟雾会刺激您的眼睛和呼吸道。这些条件通常是短期的，当您远离暴露源时应该消失，但是当您看到蓝色或黑烟时，长时间暴露于柴油烟雾时（请参阅下文） - 可能会引起咳嗽，呼吸困难（3），头痛，头痛，眼睛刺激，恶心，呕吐，麻木，喘息，胃灼热和胸部紧绷。（1）从长远来看，一些证据表明，在约20年内反复接触柴油烟雾可能会增加患肺癌的风险。如果冷柴油接触皮肤，可能会导致皮炎。（3）
美国国家职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH）在其“当前的情报公告50，“暴露于柴油排气的致癌作用”（1988年8月）中，毒理学和流行病学的发现表明“潜在的职业致癌危害存在于人类的潜在职业危害，柴油排气。”（1）

州和地区空气污染计划管理员以及当地空气污染控制官员的协会表明，在一生中暴露于柴油烟雾中，估计在大都市地区有119,570人，以及郊区和农村地区的另外5,540人。⁴

根据美国加利福尼亚肺部协会的说法，柴油排气加剧了肺部和肺气肿等肺部疾病。”⁵（未完待续）

References

1. “Diesel Exhaust in Fire Stations,” Public Employees Occupational Safety and Health Program, New Jersey Department of Health, May 1994.
2. “柴油的危险”，国家PIRGS（公共利益研究小组）共同努力，http://pirg.org/。州PIRG是倡导公共利益的国家基于州的，公民资助的组织。
3. “Diesel Engine Exhaust Emission,” Health & Safety Executive, Health and Safety Commission (HSC), Great Britain,http://www.hse.gov.uk/。
4. “柴油烟雾意味着成千上万的美国人，Cat Lazaroff，Lycos环境新闻服务，2000年3月15日。
5. “There’s Even More You Should Know About Diesel,” American Lung Association of California, May 2002.