A recent National Fire Protection Association report stated that 1,570 fires occur annually in places of worship in the United States. These low-frequency, high-consequence fires challenge the best-prepared and well-staffed fire departments and have resulted in structural collapse of part or all of the structure and, at times, have injured and killed firefighters. Part 1 of this article (“Common Occupancy, Uncommon Response: Firefighting in Places of Worship, Part 1,”188金宝搏是正规吗，2020年4月) presented architectural and general features of places of worship. Understanding the architectural and general features provides the foundational knowledge building blocks for understanding fire strategy and the procedures presented below.
相关的消防员培训
Fires in Gothic-Style Churches
在崇拜场所的大多数火灾很快被发现和报告都可以使用一个或两个处理方法熄灭。但是，从战略上讲，事件指挥官（IC）必须始终为外部攻击做准备，尤其是当火灾延伸到许多隐藏的空隙中的任何一个或包含任何类型的桁架屋顶的区域时。
It is important that the first-arriving officer locate and size up the fire and determine whether it can be extinguished using handlines. If not, the initial strategy must be to set up for an exterior fire attack. This determination is one of the most critical initial fireground decisions for a fire in a place of worship.
If the first-arriving officer determines that an interior attack is appropriate, he should communicate this to all members on scene. Proper hoseline placement necessitates a coordinated size-up and communication by the first-arriving units, the engine, and the ladder. Following size-up, stretch the hoselines through the entrance door that provides the quickest access to the fire.
每当两个螺旋线伸展并正在运行并且大火没有立即显示出灭火的迹象时，IC应该为外部攻击做准备。一旦大火在崇拜场所取得进展，就很难阻止其涉及整个结构。它将迅速通过许多空隙和大型开放空间传播到结构的所有部分。如果没有迅速控制，则预计结构和内容的重量很大或完全损失，以及部分或整个结构崩溃。
Fire Operations
地下室/地窖火。这些地区通常包括大型会议厅，日托设施，教室，厨房和办公室。这些区域的天花板通常支持重型的宗教雕像，并可能有水磨石或其他石材式地板，当火进入地下室天花板并削弱一楼的支撑时，增加了地板倒塌的可能性。这些水磨石或石材地板系统可以掩盖上面运营的成员的热量条件。地窖窗户通常很小，窗户窗口厚，这将限制通风，并使通气或出口变得困难且耗时。
对于将在近距离运营的地窖大火而言，操作的移动性是最重要的考虑因素。对于这些火灾，请使用1¾英寸的内部螺旋线。地窖火可能会延伸到隐藏的空隙。在地窖上方运行的消防员必须立即检查一楼和Cockloft/Attic区域的延伸。
First-floor fire.When the fire is in an open area of a place of worship, you may need the reach of the stream to reach the higher elevations. For this reason, and since mobility is not generally a problem, use 2½-inch initial lines.
合唱团阁楼大火. The choir loft is often directly above the main entrance below the large rose window, usually accessed by a small narrow stair. Crowding of this narrow stairwell will make hoseline advancement difficult. You will also find a large pipe organ in the choir loft. Commonly, the organ pipes may partially block the rose window. When a fire involves the underside of the choir loft, the collapse of the choir loft is possible.
阁楼大火。消防员必须获得阁楼空间to check for fire extension. Access to the attic may be by a narrow spiral staircase, which will slow firefighters’ arrival to the area. Finding a stairway that leads to the attic space may take time. However, it is very important to check the attic since an unnoticed fire there could cause collapse of the roof truss beams and ceiling. This is especially important during salvage and overhaul, when the fire may appear to be extinguished but can still be burning in this concealed area, unknown to the firefighters operating below.
一些礼拜场所为隐藏的阁楼空间提供了通风开口。这种通风开口提供了一个绝佳的位置，可以从该位置施加水，以在天花板上方隐藏的阁楼或cockloft中灭火。这种通风开口通常位于崇拜场所的长侧的前部或后方。在前面时，它将在玫瑰窗口几英尺处。当大火在大开放区域内时，首要任务是进入玫瑰窗的塔梯。但是，当大面积不可见，但被怀疑在阁楼或科克洛夫特的隐藏区域内时，通过通风开口涂水就是优先事项。这也应该是在使用玫瑰窗内控制大型开放空间之后的火之后的优先级。
Bell tower or attic fires.在大多数情况下，当大火进入钟楼或阁楼空间时，由于有限的通道和缺乏通风，消防员将无法使用手机扑灭大火。消防员将不得不退出并采用外部操作。对于阁楼上的大火，天花板可能在屋顶桁架前倒塌。
Ladder Operations
礼拜场所包含许多消防旅行途径，这些途径有助于快速火灾和早期崩溃的潜力。在火灾操作过程中，火灾传播可能并不明显，因为结构元素可能被整理材料覆盖或被烟雾条件所掩盖。消防员必须迅速打开这些空隙。了解火力旅行途径以及火对各种结构成员的影响将有助于这一过程。
在明显的局部火灾中，内部运行力量可能不知道在它们上方的桁架中引起火灾。成员应使用下面的热成像摄像头来确定火是否涉及桁架空间。当它拥有时，外部操作应该是主要的战术考虑因素。提醒单位这些屋顶系统的崩溃潜力。
搜索团队应考虑在大型的礼拜场所的大开放区域中进行搜索绳索。座位区域可能包含可移动座椅，增加额外的障碍物。座椅也将以狭窄的过道排列。
通风
Ventilating the large vaulted spaces will be difficult. Venting the side windows, sometimes made with stained glass, will not effectively ventilate the upper portions of the structure. Likewise, venting the rose window may not provide adequate ventilation. Generally, it is best to vent the window closest to the fire in conjunction with hoseline advancement and fire extinguishment. As soon as the first hoselines knock down the fire, it is imperative to check the walls and attic area for fire extension.
塔梯子
不同类型的屋顶覆盖物，例如板岩和Terra-cotta瓷砖，为结构增添了重大的死负荷。此外，当被塔梯子或其他大口径装置的溪流撞击时，锋利或沉重的碎片可能会被驱逐并变成弹丸，伤害平民和消防员（照片1）。
（1）Photo by author.
You must consider many variables, including the fire location and fire extension within the fire building, exposure protection concerns, and collapse potential. The tower ladder positioning guidelines are as follows:
- 通常，第一个驻扎塔楼的主要位置位于火楼的前面，可以在可能的情况下以拐角安全的位置到达玫瑰窗。角安全位置或区域是梯子设备的最佳位置。该位置应该使得如果墙壁向外塌陷，则不会显着影响该区域（图1）。
- When the building faces on two streets and the front of the building is covered by a tower ladder, place an additional tower ladder to cover the other street front.
- Position tower ladders so that the fire can be cut off and driven back to the point of origin.
图1。Corner-Safe Area
如果墙壁向外塌陷，则将梯形设备的放置在结构附近的三角形区域内提供一些保护。（作者的图。）
If you have a rear-mount aerial ladder, place it away from the immediate fire building to allow access for a tower ladder.
Street Management Plan
Access and egress.学校、停车场、部办公室,大的计谋rtyards, one-way and narrow streets, and religious residences can all negatively impact apparatus positioning. Often, these obstacles will prevent optimal positioning and limit the number of sides of the structure that apparatus can access. Consider these obstacles as part of the street-management plan.
在礼拜场所开火通常需要使用塔梯子；首先派生的单位必须担任允许必要单位和设备有效运行的职位。对于街头管理和消防控制问题的第一响应单位至关重要。确保设备位置不在潜在的塌陷区域之外。
公园设备使特殊的设备，救护车等在IC订购时可以往返现场。将塔梯子梯子靠近结构的前部，在倒塌危险区域外的拐角安全区域。位置随后到达塔梯子，以达到结构的额外侧面。
通讯
Many terms are used to describe features and distinct areas or locations within places of worship. To ensure the use of common terminology, firefighters should consistently use these terms when communicating on the fireground. Verbal communications at fires must be prompt, clear, concise, and complete. A firefighter operating from inside the place of worship may mistakenly report the area that the congregation faces, the sanctuary (the location of the altar or pulpit in a church or where the bimah is in a Jewish house of worship), as “the front” because that is considered the front during a religious service. This may differ from the front of the structure as viewed from the command post.
崩溃的考虑
Collapse is always a major concern when operating in places of worship. These structures have some unique architectural features that, when coupled with the large amount of wood used in their construction, can result in early collapse as fire weakens the structure. Collapse dangers include the bell tower, the steeple, the ceilings, the sidewalls, and the roof.
钟楼上方可能是尖顶，锥形的尖头结构，通常在其尖端有十字架或其他宗教符号。铃铛塔顶上的尖顶是more unstable比塔顶上方的圆顶。一些寺庙和清真寺的顶部可能有一个圆顶。手机天线和照明可以固定在塔上，从而增加了结构的额外重量。
Both older and newer architecture places of worship are susceptible to early collapse. The older style is susceptible to early collapse because of the large, high, timber truss roof. Along with the roof, the bell tower and steeple are also exceptionally prone to collapse. The newer style is susceptible to early collapse because of its lightweight truss construction and the possible presence of a bell tower, a steeple, or other features described above.
The exposures 2 and 4 sidewalls are also collapse dangers. The sidewalls support the place of worship’s roof. Sidewalls are bearing walls that run parallel with the roof ridge sometimes supporting the roof aided by a buttress or flying buttress. An uncontrolled fire burning in the attic space will weaken the roof. When the roof fails, it can push the sidewalls out into the street. Conversely, when fire weakens the sidewalls and they fail, the roof will collapse and fall along with the ceiling into the nave or floor area.
在评估塌陷潜力并确定塌陷区域时，暴露2和4的侧面（由于轴承壁）和尖顶或钟楼的暴露侧（通常是暴露1）是火灾中最危险的区域。
IC Considerations
The IC must size up the situation and note what actions have been taken prior to his arrival. Fire in these occupancies requires a quick assessment of conditions.
The IC must keep in mind the early collapse potential in these structures and keep a close watch on the amount of time firefighters have been extinguishing the fire. An early transition to an exterior defensive attack will be required if the first two handlines do not quickly extinguish the fire.
The 10 Commandments for Fires in Places of Worship
These are the 10 significant considerations for fighting fires involving houses of worship. Review them and learn the lessons taken from case studies and personal experience in such incidents. Use these commandments to guide the discussion; hang them on the wall as a continual reminder.
The 10 Commandments for Fires in Places of Worship
- Thou shalt honor all the firefighters who have made the supreme sacrifice at fires in places of worship. Educate firefighters on the lessons learned from these fires and develop and implement preplans.
- Thou shalt recognize and honor the limited amount of time available to quickly achieve a fast knockdown before an exterior attack will be required.
- Thou shalt remember to quickly examine the structure for fire extension into the numerous voids you will find.
- 您要实施一项街头管理计划，该计划解决了对大口径溪流和塔塔梯子的需求，以进行通风和灭火。
- 您对使这些结构容易在大火期间易于早期倒塌的结构特征知识渊博。
- 您要意识到酒窖/地下室的通风孔开口有限，重量很大，重量集中在水磨石地板，祭坛和装饰该水平的雕像上的一楼。
- 您要知道，从内部运行的消防员可能认为“前部”是会众面对的区域，即庇护所。这可能与命令柱查看的结构的前部有所不同。
- Thou shalt preach that a defensive attack shall be conducted outside the structure; it shall honor established collapse zones.
- 你要预测需要额外的帮助and call for higher alarms/mutual aid early in the operation.
- Thou shalt have an understanding of fire dynamics and the effect of ventilation when venting the stained-glass windows.
当IC无法从现场单位获得清晰的情况报告时，IC可能必须将策略更改为外部操作。当预计两个处理方法或在崇拜场所的外观上运行时，会发出其他警报或相互援助。
The incident command post should be established in proximity to the front of the fire building, outside the potential collapse zone.
The IC shall determine when sufficient resources are present to deal with conditions and, when needed, should transmit the necessary additional alarms or call for mutual aid. He should consider calling additional tower ladders to adequately cover the accessible sides of the structure and additional chiefs or safety officers to supervise additional sectors and groups as the incident expands.
At major fires, consider the flying brand hazard. The force of updrafts will send large pieces of burning material quite some distance, which will probably ignite minor fires in the surrounding area. Initiate fire brand patrols (units designated to extinguish remote fires started by embers) to manage this situation.
Saving Valuable Items
礼拜场所通常包含具有重要象征意义的历史和宗教文物，并且是不可替代的。与消防员安全一致时，请考虑如何将这些物品删除或将其保护到位来保护这些物品。
Fires in places of worship present complex challenges for the fire service. Knowledge of the architecture and features common to many of these structures enables firefighters to understand the principles that guide many of the strategies and tactics employed. Because of the variety of structures encountered, it is almost impossible to devise an operating procedure for every situation. Judgments based on knowledge of common architectural features and sound firefighting principles will allow firefighters and fire officers to formulate an appropriate plan of action.
FRANK LEEB是纽约消防局的副局长。他以前的工作任务包括46营；发动机76、323和324;和小队270。他拥有海军研究生院的国土证券研究硕士学位，并拥有消防服务管理学位。他是东法明代尔（纽约）志愿消防局的成员。他是UL FSRI“对获得的结构协调攻击研究”的咨询小组成员，并且是NFPA技术委员会消防和紧急服务组织和部署工作者（NFPA 1710）的负责人。
