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乔·普罗妮特（Joe Pronesti）
根据国家消防局（NFPA）,2018年，美国报告了130万以上的大火. I would venture to be that fire departments see many more fires in residential single-family dwellings as opposed to commercial structures. So how do we make up this familiarity deficit when it comes to handling fires in legacy structures of ordinary construction (Type III) or wood frame with a brick veneer (Type V)—your typical“主要街道”结构?
The size-up of these buildings is completely different. At 0300 hours on a Sunday morning you may not see everything you need to see in order to have a successful and safe outcome. Taking a cue from modern political discussions, I like to call these items “Main Street Optics.”
这些物品的无所不包清单将是不可能且笨拙的，所以让我们专注于没有经验的消防员可能会错过此类火灾的事物。您也许可以将这些“光学”用作主要街道建筑物清单的一部分，但是您必须在下一次主要街道大火之前出来并大小。
有关的
Parapet Collapse: An Old Danger for Today’s Firefighters
Exterior Optics
Let’s focus on several exterior optics that again are specific to a legacyMain Streetstructure.
1.基石/年建造的块铭文：I am a firefighter, not an architect, so I may not have the correct term for this block. At the top of many legacy structures near the center parapet, the individual who built the building or owned the block of thesetaxpayerswould put the year the structure was erected.
Why is this important? Well, you can gain a ton of intelligence from the year the building was erected and if you remember one year (1933), you will have your first optic identified!
On March 10th那一年，一场6.4级地震的尺寸为6.4，袭击了洛杉矶地区。它造成了数百万美元的损失，并造成100多人丧生。对建筑物的损害，主要仅限于未加固的砖石建筑（URM），这是广泛的，并导致建筑物建筑材料的变化。反过来，作为消防员，我们可以在尺码III型建筑物尺寸时利用它来利用我们的优势。
Prior to 1933
The use of sand lime mortar to bond the masonry bricks together was the standard prior to 1933. This type of mortar does not bond as well to brick or stone as today’s Portland-cement mortar. Its largest issue is that the sand lime mortar can be washed and flaked away by years of weather, especially in terms of exposure to water, such as from leaking pipes or hose streams. As far as floor and roof beams are concerned, in buildings built prior to 1933, a firefighter can expect to find fire cut beams. These beams are supports cut on an angle so that, under fire conditions, they pull out of the wall, leaving it intact. This was a simple way to rebuild when an ordinary construction buildings surrendered to the effects of fire. Floor and roof supports prior to 1933 may also be set in small pockets in the bearing wall, called “lets”.
Parapet walls are also usually found on ordinary constructed buildings. Prior to 1933, these free-standing walls could be of varying heights. In fact many architects put their signature on buildings by designing very large parapets. Parapets were bonded by the sand lime mortar have a long history of killing firefighters. The more pre-fire intelligence you can obtain on them, the better, and the landmark year of 1933 is a starting point in gathering that intelligence.
1933年之后
A firefighter looking at a building built after 1933 will most likely find masonry bonded with cement, parapet walls no higher than 16 inches, and the use of steel rebar used as reinforcement. These buildings certainly pose a threat to firefighters but if the building’s birth year is known, a smart firefighter or officer can begin to size up his or her enemy under fire conditions. Many downtowns or Main Streets in the U.S.A. proudly display the year the buildings were constructed. Next time you see this, think about what you may or may not encounter because of the aforementioned 1933 earthquake.
For further study, consult the work ofJames Johnson,Vincent Dunn,Glenn Corbett,Chris Naum,格雷戈里·哈维尔（Gregory Havel）， 和约翰·米滕多夫（John Mittendorf），所有人都有部分188金宝搏是正规吗并可以更详细地了解复古问题。
2.The “Kings Row” or Header Row:URM Type III buildings can be identified by the “kings’ row, which basically ties the rows or wythes together. A wood frame building with a brick veneer will most likely NOT have a King’s row. A quick look on an exterior wall may find these rows very quickly. Next time you are out in your district that has these Ordinary Type III, size up a wall and find the Kings row.
3.栏杆墙：A parapet wall is a free-standing wall extending above the roof line. As stated above, parapets prior to 1933 may have very high parapet walls. These walls are subject to a century’s worth of freeze/thaw cycles, poor craftsmanship, deteriorating bonding, and are extremely susceptible to early collapse. On a single-story building, the parapet wall will be held up by a large I-beam. When heated under fire conditions, this can twist and bring down the parapet wall in a large entire section.
See the above You Tube example from fires in Fall River, Massachusetts, and New York City. Not only is fire an enemy of the parapet wall, master streams hitting these unstable walls can bring them down. Parapet walls are not found every day in our firefighting jobs in residential dwellings, so they can be a forgotten headache on Main Street. When getting out into your areas, a great weekend training opportunity exists when you can spot your aerial apparatus on these buildings and get members on their roofs. Another great option incorporating today’s technology is the use of drones. If you have a drone club in your area or if your law enforcement agency has one, make friends and use them on your Main Street.
4. Canopies/Awnings and Signs:许多年轻消防员无法识别的危险，但必须考虑一个危险，尤其是在较旧的III型建筑物上，这是迹象。
Look at a newly constructed building and you will not see the same large, attention-grabbing signs as you may see on your “Main Street” buildings built long ago. The front wall of these legacy Type III buildings may have several features that can pose a serious collapse threat to the unsuspecting firefighter.
值得他或她的盐的指挥官必须在大火期间承认这些危害，这一点非常重要，我们指示年轻成员也认识到这些危害。以下是一个快速的公告，新成员可以轻松理解，对我们的老家伙进行了很好的评论。让您的船员脱颖而出，并在标志上零。
Amarqueeis a large metal structure attached over the entrance to a theatre or store. A marquee extends from the front wall out to the street and is used to display signs about the show or the store. The largest LODD event in the borough of the Bronx occurred April 4, 1956, when a furniture store marquee attached to a front wall collapsed during a fire, killing six New York City firefighters.
If a marquee collapses during a fire, it can pull the entire facade wall down with it. For example, if the beams behind the facade which support the marquee are destroyed by fire, the marquee can suddenly collapse downward, pulling the wall it passes through outward. Also, if the metal rods supporting the sign are heated, they can expand, pulling the sign from the wall. Remember, steel loses almost half its strength when heated to 1,000°.
Acanopyis a cloth, wood or metal covering over a building entrance designed to protect people from the weather. Firefighters must also be wary after the fire is under control since canopies can fill with water during the firefight, making them into giant swimming pools poised to collapse. It was a canopy collapse caused one of the greatest tragedies in the history of the fire service, which occurred in a burning meat packing plant in Chicago in 1910. During the fire, a brick wall and a canopy attached to it collapsed. Twenty-one Chicago firefighters were crushed to death beneath the crumpled metal canopy and bricks.
5. Fire Escapes:在其他任何地方都找不到的视频，但在旧建筑物上，这些生命安全功能通常是不幸的是获得关注和维修的最后一项。有时，这些骨骼结构几乎没有附着在建筑物上，并且有几份受伤的报告和这些单元在火灾和救援条件下失败的众所周知的照片。在您所在的地区外面，查看它们，了解不同类型的工作原理，以及在大街上进行空中训练时，请欣赏火灾逃生的光学。拍照并在看到失败或潜在的麻烦时参与您的建筑部门。
尺寸和安全缝
走进您的响应区域，并在查看III型建筑物时，花了一些时间在前面的立面上进行零。如果他们有沉重的迹象，请查看连接，或者更好地放置梯子或空中以获得更好的视野，拍照并分享。在火灾中，将您的成员远离人行道，利用溪流的范围，并对前壁的稳定性感到悲观。在长时间的战斗中，请记住主溪流中水的重量；在冰冻的天气中，冰可能与建筑物上形成一样糟糕。
Firefighters today have so much to take in and remember. Situational awareness is paramount, but if you don’t know what to look for to begin with, you obviously won’t be aware .Size-up of Type III buildings is a lost art. Signs, marquees and canopies can be easily forgotten and the unsuspecting fireground commander may neglect these hazards. Be alert and recognize the signs of SIGNS on the fireground.
信号可能有点粗糙的多年后,their connectors can fail quickly from streams and fire. Author’s Photo
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The human mind can only take in so much under stress. When it comes to your Main Street buildings, train your firefighters’ eyes for items not always seen and understand their hazards when fire strikes.
JOSEPH PRONESTI是Elyria（OH）消防局的29年资深人士，他是轮班指挥官。他是俄亥俄州消防局执行官计划的毕业生，也是Cuyahoga（OH）县社区大学消防学院的首席讲师。188博金宝体育1他是消防服务出版物和网站的贡献者，包括188金宝搏是正规吗和firefighternation.com. He will be teaching“Main Street Fires 2020: Are You Ready?” at FDIC International 2020.
