天使夫人开火，第2部分

经过

格雷戈里·哈维尔（Gregory Havel）

12月1日星期六是54Thanniversary of the fire at天使天主教学校的圣母在Chicago, Illinois. Three of the sisters who taught at the学校and 92 children died. Many more were injured by heat, smoke, and jumping from windows to escape the fire, despite the fire department’s efforts in rescue over ground ladders (Photo 1).

The school had about 1,600 students in kindergarten through eighth grade, with about 1,400 in the main school building in grades two through eight. The school was overcrowded, with about 60 students in each of the 24 classrooms.

Several independent investigations were conducted, by the Cook County Coroner, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), and Chicago Fire Commissioner Robert J. Quinn.

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Although these reports disagreed on the principal reason for the loss of life (inadequate exits; inadequate fire protection in the building; delayed alarm to the fire department, and its delayed arrival), they agreed on a number of factors contributing to the rapid growth of this fire and its tragic results:

  • 建筑物的建造，有互连的隐藏空间
  • Open and combustible stairways
  • Lack of fire-rated partitions and doors between corridors and classrooms
  • Glass transoms above the classroom doors (Photo 2 shows the second floor corridor, including two classroom doors with transom frames at arrows)
  • 可燃的木质饰边和可燃的内饰饰面
  • Lack of a working automatic fire sprinkler system
  • 整个建筑物中缺乏工作的火灾警报系统，与消防部门有联系
  • Lack of formal evacuation procedures, and regular fire drills
  • 延迟通知消防部门
  • 消防部门延迟到达

在这些调查中提出的建议导致全国范围内的学校消防安全法规发生了重大变化；除了学校外，还对生命安全，火灾和建筑法规进行了修改和加强，并应用于公共占领。

NFPA 101,Building Exit Code,was extensively revised, based on the school fire and extensive follow-up testing by the Los Angeles (CA) Fire Department. In 1966, NFPA 101 was renamed NFPA 101,建筑物和结构中的火灾安全守则；后来更名生命安全法规。它包含在天使学校大火中学到的许多经验教训的结果（代码参考为NFPA 101生命安全法规,2012 edition):

  • NFPA 101，第14章涵盖了新的教育占领：
    • Automatic fire sprinkler systems are required in any fire area greater than 20,000 square feet (1,858 m2), and in any part of the building below the exit level
    • Classrooms and corridors are required to be separated by one-hour-rated walls
    • 楼梯和其他垂直开口必须封闭
  • NFPA 101，第15章涵盖了现有的教育占领：
    • Automatic fire sprinkler systems are required in areas below the exit level that are not separated from the rest of the building by fire-resistance-rated assemblies, unless exempted by the authority having jurisdiction.
    • 教室和走廊必须用一半小时的墙壁分开
    • 如果楼梯和其他垂直开口必须封闭，如果它们提供两层以上
  • NFPA 101，第7章涵盖了出口手段
  • 居住荷载因素都包含在NFPA 101年,茶pter 7, Table 7.3.1.2
  • NFPA 101，第9.7章涵盖自动消防喷头系统
  • 火灾报警系统涵盖NFPA 101，第9.6章
  • Manual fire alarm stations are required in both new and existing school buildings at intervals on each floor, and close to each exit (NFPA 101, Chapter 9.6)
  • Smoke and heat detectors are required in specific locations
  • 内部墙壁和天花板饰面必须具有有限的火焰传播（NFPA 101，第10.2.3.4章）
  • Classroom capacities are calculated at 20 square feet (1.858 m2）每个乘员，以防止人满为患（NFPA 101，表7.3.1.2）
  • Classrooms with only a single exit are limited to 50 occupants and 1,000 square feet (92.9 m2）（NFPA 101，第14.2.5.4章）
  • 到达出口的最大旅行距离限制为150英尺（45.92 m2）（200英尺（60.96 m）2）如果建筑物被洒水）（NFPA 101，第14.2.6.2、14.2.6.3章）
  • Waste containers must be noncombustible, with lids (NFPA 101, Chapter 10.3.9)

虽然NFPA 101生命安全法规一世s referenced by the model building codes and fire codes, the requirements are not uniform across North America. In many cases the requirements are the decision of the authority having jurisdiction. The生命安全法规and model building and fire codes are not binding unless adopted by the federal, State, or municipal government.

有关这场悲剧大火的更多信息，请访问网站http://www.olafire.comThe Web pages have building plans and three-dimensional models, photographs, national news stories about the fire; and statistics about the building, its occupants, and the fire’s victims.

此外，在国家消防学院的学习资源中心的在线目录搜索188博金宝体育1http://www.lrc.fema.gov/index.html;并搜索互联网寻找“Our Lady of the Angels Fire”。

Download this article as a PDFHERE。

阅读关于1977年8月《消防工程》的大火的回顾188金宝搏是正规吗HERE（3 MB），阅读本文的第1部分HERE。

消防员的建筑建筑：格雷格·哈维尔（Greg Havel）格雷戈里·哈维尔（Gregory Havel）一世S是伯灵顿镇（WI）的成员消防部门;退休的副局长和培训人员;以及30年的老兵消防。He is a Wisconsin-certified消防教练II，消防官II和消防检查员；兼职在structor在消防网关的程序技术的College; and安全director for Scherrer Construction Co., Inc. Havel has a bachelor’s degree from St. Norbert College; has more than 30 years of experience in facilities management and building construction; and has presented classes at FDIC.


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