Gregory Havel的照片和文章
锅炉的使用船、船舶、机车、tractors, mines, factories, fire engines, and homes is 200 years old. In the early years, boilers were used to generate steam, and required the presence of a boiler operator at any time that the boiler was in use. Boilers with automatic controls have been in use for nearly 100 years. This history has established what types of controls and control circuits are needed for the safe operation of a boiler without a full-time attendant.
最早的自动控制是压力缓解阀。其中最早使用杠杆和配重将阀盘压在阀座上。当锅炉中的蒸汽压力超过阀的设置时，阀门将打开并减轻锅炉中的过量压力。
如果早期锅炉运营商想要更快地制作船舶，机车或泵的工作更快，他往往会增加杠杆上的配重;有时会将减压阀封闭。这通常导致锅炉从其不设计用于承受的压力爆炸。锅炉爆炸通常杀死了锅炉运营商和附近的其他人;除了沉没锅炉使用或摧毁其附着的机车或采矿设备的船。
Photo 1 shows a modern pressure relief valve, which uses an enclosed spring instead of a lever and counterweight; and which is adjusted and sealed at the factory so that it cannot be further adjusted by the boiler operator. The small lever at the top of the valve is used to manually test the valve to ensure that it is not rusted or corroded in the closed position. The metal tag is attached at the factory, and contains the manufacturer’s information, as well as the diameter and pressure setting of the valve, and its relieving capacity in BTU/hour and/or pounds of steam per hour (if the boiler is used to generate steam) and/or gallons of water per hour (if the boiler is used for heating water). The paper tag is usually supplied by the relief valve manufacturer and is used to document monthly manual tests of the relief valve. The relieving capacity of the valve must be equal to or greater than the steam or hot water generating capacity of the boiler and its burner.
Photo 2 shows one side of a modern boiler and combination gas-fuel oil burner that heats a commercial building.
照片3显示了同一锅炉和燃烧器的另一侧。
照片4显示了燃烧器前部燃烧器控制柜的内部。照片1中的压力释放阀位于该锅炉的背面，直接在燃烧器对面。
The key to Photos 2, 3, and 4:
1. Manual gas pilot burner valve
2.手动燃气燃烧器阀
3. Gas regulator
4.自动气体控制阀，2位
5.自动气体控制阀，调节
6.燃烧器点火变压器
7. Burner flame viewing ports
8.锅炉和燃烧器控制柜
9.高温限制恒温器
10.高温限位恒温器
11.组合锅炉压力表和温度计
12. Low-water cut-off, low-voltage probe type
13. Plugs for connection of a water column with vertical sight glass and try-cocks (if the boiler is used to generate steam)
14.燃烧式鼓风机电机
15.火焰扫描仪细胞
16.飞行员燃烧器气体调节器
17.飞行员燃烧器自动气门
18. Pilot burner
19.燃烧气压开关
20. Fuel oil pump(not present on a gas-only burner)
21.燃油自动阀门(不存在on a gas-only burner)
22. Fuel oil pressure switch (not present on a gas-only burner)
23.电源开关
24.电源“on”指示灯
25.燃料“on”指示灯
26. Fuel selector switch: “GAS” or “OIL” (not present on a gas-only burner)
27. Burner control circuit fuse
28.燃烧器控制模块
让该锅炉用气体作为燃料运行：
a. Manual gas pilot valve (1), and manual gas burner valve (2) must be open
b. Boiler must be filled with water, and circulating pumps must be running
c. Power switch (23) and power “on” light (24) must be on
天。燃油选择开关（26）必须设置为“气体”
e. The thermostatic switch (not shown) or other operating control must close (calling for heat), completing the control circuit that includes the high temperature limit thermostats (9 and 10), the low-water cut-off (12), and the control circuit fuse (27), energizing the burner control module (28)
F。燃烧器控制模块（28）在锅炉内的“吹扫”开始其循环，以去除任何气体或燃气蒸汽，使得火箱在点火期间不会爆炸;通过启动燃烧鼓风机（14）
G。当吹扫完成时，如果燃烧空气压力开关关闭，燃烧器控制模块将激励点火变压器（6）和导燃器自动燃气阀（17）;并激励火焰扫描仪单元（15）及其相关电路
h. If the flame scanner cell (15) senses a stable pilot flame from the pilot burner (18) within its programmed number of seconds, the burner control module (28) will open automatic gas control valves (4 and 5), sending fuel gas into the burner mixing chamber for ignition by the pilot burner. If a stable pilot flame is not detected, the ignition transformer and the pilot burner automatic gas valve will be de-energized, and the burner control module will continue with another purge of the firebox and shut down the burner.
一世。如果火焰扫描仪电池（15）在其编程的秒数内感测稳定的燃烧器火焰，燃烧器控制模块将熄灭点火变压器和先导燃烧器自动燃气阀，燃烧器火焰将继续燃烧，连续观察火焰扫描仪单元和燃烧器控制模块将打开调制的自动气体阀到其“高火”位置。（如果燃烧器火焰应熄灭，则火焰扫描仪电池将发出燃烧器控制模块，该模块将关闭燃气阀并继续吹入火箱，然后关闭燃烧器。）
j. When any of the switching devices in the control circuit (the thermostat or other operating control, the high-temperature-limit thermostats, the low-water cut-off, the control circuit fuse, combustion air pressure switch, or flame scanner cell) open due to the call for heat being satisfied or due to an unsafe condition that is recognized, the burner control module will close the fuel gas valves, de-energize the flame scanner cell, purge the firebox, and shut down the burner.
k。如果控制电路中的所有开关装置应在满足热量的呼叫之后或在不安全的情况下开发后，如果不安全的情况发生，则减压阀将打开以防止锅炉爆炸。
要将该锅炉从燃料气体切换到燃料油，必须将燃烧器循环通过清除并关闭；电源开关必须关闭；必须插入燃烧气鼓电机和燃油泵之间的耦合器；燃油选择器开关必须从“汽油”更改为“油”；并打开电源开关。锅炉和燃烧器的点火和操作顺序将与上面概述的相同，除了燃料油自动阀和开关将用于控制燃气飞行员燃烧器点火后的主燃烧器火焰，而不是自动气阀。
在过去的100年中，事实证明，冗余是无人看管的自动控制锅炉，熔炉和其他供暖设备的安全操作的关键。如果一个操作控制失败，并且在不安全的条件下不会关闭锅炉，则另一个控件将这样做。而且，如果所有自动控件都无法关闭锅炉（不太可能发生的事件），则压力阀将防止锅炉爆炸。
Smaller boilers and heating units for residential use will have simpler operating cycles and fewer operating controls; but still will depend on redundancy to prevent boiler and furnace explosions.
较大的商业和工业锅炉和加热器和电力锅炉，如电器厂中使用的那些使用类似的自动控制。这些具有额外的冗余和警报，警告其运营商在开发时发展不安全的条件。这些大型单元还可以具有多个压力释放阀，而不是一个。
自动控制中冗余量的要求，所需的警报种类以及设备的配置由适用于锅炉，加热器或过程的标准来确定。可能适用的标准是美国机械工程师（ASME），承销商实验室（UL），FM Global（以前的工厂互动），国家消防协会（NFPA）以及一些保险承销商的批量。
在紧急响应带有锅炉或其他带有放电压力阀的锅炉或其他供暖设备的设施中，最好的方法是手动关闭房间外的燃料或容纳锅炉的建筑物；或使用锅炉房或锅炉室门外的电动关闭开关。这将关闭锅炉的燃料，并让锅炉控制模块循环燃烧器通过其清除，以去除燃烧产品和燃料中未燃烧的燃料。
进入锅炉房或锅炉空间，具有放电减压阀是一种高风险的活动，使紧急响应者暴露于秃垢（蒸汽烧伤）和其他热损伤的高概率。关闭错误的阀门或翻转错误的开关可能会使情况变得更糟。
如果锅炉或供暖设备对于过程或环境控制至关重要，则设施操作人员可以在大气危害很明显后立即轻松锁定与故障单元的电气连接；并重新激发控制电路和备用单元。
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格雷戈里哈维尔我是伯灵顿镇（WI）消防局的成员；退休的副局长兼培训官；以及一名40年的消防人员资深人士。他是威斯康星州认证的消防教练II，消防官II和消防检查员；Gateway技术学院消防计划的兼职讲师；and safety director for Scherrer Construction Co., Inc. Havel has a bachelor’s degree from St. Norbert College, has more than 40 years of experience in facilities management and building construction, has a Chief Power Plant Operating Engineer license from the American Society of Power Engineers (ASOPE), and presents classes at FDIC and other venues.
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