168博金宝 经过格伦·科贝特(Glenn Corbett)和Dr. Vyto Babrauskas
高楼buildings are not simply bigger, ordinary buildings. They pose some unique challenges, both to their occupants and to the fire service. The biggest concern is that fire department ladders do not reach above about 75 feet. In a shorter building, the fire department can use ladders against the façade for rescue and also for suppression. But above that height, such operations are no longer possible. Thus, it should be obvious that additional fire safety measures are needed to ensure the safety of occupants in such buildings. These issues were generally ignored all over the world until 1973. But a little earlier, two fires in high-rise buildings in New York City led to adoption of Local Law No. 5 in 1973. Only five lives were lost altogether in these two fires (One New York Plaza and 919 Third Avenue), yet fire safety specialists in the United States realized that the time had come to control the safety of high-rise buildings from the specific perspective that they are high-rise buildings.
Local Law No. 5 did not mandate洒水器,而是将它们列为可接受的防火选择之一。然而,在随后的几十年中,很明显洒水装置是所有高层建筑的重要安全功能。如今,在美国,基本上所有新的高层建筑都完全建造,并且洒水保护已扩展到无数的老式结构。如今,在美国,消防专业人员在考虑到消防员是迄今为止高层建筑最重要的安全功能方面是一致的。因此,从我们的角度来看,我们发现在英国和许多其他欧洲国家中,消防专业人员对洒水器的热情降低了。
虽然我们大多数人都期望在第三世界国家发生灾难性的高层火灾,但我相信当我们大多数人都感到震惊时伦敦的格伦费尔塔burned on June 14, 2017, killing 72 persons. London is quite at the other end of the scale compared to third-world countries. Ironically, it was the Great Fire of London in 1666 that led to the first fire safety regulations in modern world history. The focus both of the news and the British government investigation was on thecombustible façade两年前使用包含聚乙烯核面板的立面系统进行了改装。更糟糕的是,由于“雨屏”设计,立面具有两英寸的间隙,产生了Schlyter效果(烟囱效应),从而增强了在立面上向上蔓延的火。在我们看来,即使在美国也不是未知的暴行,也不应安装高层建筑物。因此,我们想专注于我们认为代表灾难性消防安全管理的其他一些问题,并导致了许多居民的灭亡。
作为美国消防安全专家,我们发现英国政府将仅允许仅一个楼梯建造高层建筑。即使在1970年代初期建造了Grenfell Tower时,任何美国专业人士都会惊讶地认为,对生命的极端危害也将被占有。在美国,任何相当大的建筑物(不太高层建筑物)的观念至少已经知道了两种逃生手段Thcentury. Also going way back to the 19Th世纪以来,烟雾很容易使楼梯不可行。一个常见的19Th世纪解决方案是防烟塔。这是一个疏散楼梯访问通过open-air vestibules, a feature which allows the stairs to remain free of smoke. The Grenfell building did not have a smokeproof tower; in fact, it did not have any means whatsoever to keep smoke out of the staircase, which was the one-and-only means of escape for the occupants.
甚至英国媒体都指出,格伦费尔灾难的原因之一是,尽管该建筑物的烟雾报警系统发现了火灾状况,但它没有向乘员警告他们即将来临的厄运。真正令人困惑的是,伦敦消防队认为,这不是一个错误,而是一个功能!显然,消防官员认为配置高层警报系统的正确方法是,它仅将警报信号传输到中央车站,但也不会在建筑物内发出警报,即使在地板上也是如此发起。据说,这样做的原因是要与英国的“停留”政策保持一致。我们接下来要解决这个问题,但首先,我们应该从美国的角度再次考虑在这里的含义。美国设计师认为,应处理高层建筑物的火灾完全可以接受,以便只能进行局部,有限的疏散。但是,要使这是明智的,背景必须是建筑物的设计使其余的乘员实际上是安全的。这需要三件事:(1)不受控制的火势被排除在外;(2)建筑物中的其他楼层或区域保持无烟; and (3) a zoned alarm/communication system which does allow occupants from the danger zone to be evacuated. None of these features were apparently present at Grenfell.
Another significant issue is that of communications between building occupants and firefighters. The Grenfell building offered no means of providing instructions to building occupants, no ability for firefighters to have directed occupants to evacuate. This unfortunately is also true of many existing high-rises in the U.S., despite the relatively cheap cost of retrofitting a basic public address system.
从美国的角度来看,尽管在格伦菲尔发生了什么事,但英国官员最困惑的政策之一必须是他们严格的“留下来”政策,尽管格伦费尔发生了什么事,那里的外部迅速散布在多层上的许多公寓进入了许多公寓。一个基本概念是,防火隔室将有助于在当地限制火,而乘员远离火灾的乘员将在其单位内更安全,而不是试图逃离。这是一项政策,其次是许多美国消防部门,因为火灾确实是局部且没有蔓延的情况。但是,并非所有火灾总是包含在一个适中的区域中,而局部或完全疏散应始终可供消防指挥官使用。假设所有火灾都会很小,局部化,并且偏远地区将保持无烟是愚蠢的。
在任何国家,火灾的现实是,人们比烧伤更有可能死于烟雾。从大型或高层建筑物的设计角度来看,美国设计师长期以来一直选择“庇护所”。但是,如果这是建筑物的标准操作程序的一部分,则需要一个避难所,以清除火灾和烟雾。换句话说,它必须是一个避难所,因此烟雾不会进入并克服乘员。在可能被烟雾和灭亡克服的地方“庇护”乘员没有意义。
Glenn Corbett,P.E。,是沃尔德威克(NJ)消防局的前助理局长,纽约市约翰·杰伊刑事司法学院的消防科学副教授,也是一位技术编辑188金宝搏是正规吗。He served on the Federal Advisory Committee of the National Construction Safety Team and is a member of the Fire Code Advisory Council for New Jersey. He is the coauthor of the late Francis L. Brannigan’sBuilding Construction for the Fire Service, 6th Edition,编辑Fire Engineering’s Handbook for Firefighter I and II, 和FDICInternationaladvisory board member.
Vyto Babrauskas,博士学位,物理学和结构工程学位和博士学位。在消防安全中。作为美国国家标准技术研究所的研究人员,他开发了设备来衡量产品的热量释放速率,并开发了用于建模房间火灾开发的计算机程序。他于1993年创立了一家咨询公司,并为消防科学专业知识提供了火灾调查和诉讼。他的点火手册被广泛用于消防服务,他有两本书即将出版:电火和爆炸和闷烧的火。他目前位于纽约市,在那里他隶属于约翰·杰伊刑事司法学院。
这个168博金宝 reflects the views of the authors and not necessarily the views of188金宝搏是正规吗。



















