防火局|BY MICHAEL KENNEDY
Since 1960, the Ann Arbor, Michigan, Art Fair has evolved into one of the largest outdoor art fairs in the United States; its daily attendance is estimated at more than 100,000 visitors (photo 1). This number nearly doubles that of Ann Arbor’s resident population, which poses significant fire service operational challenges within a downtown district.
(1)Large events can dramatically increase the number of people in a city. (Photos by author.)
许多业务范围内的Ann Arbor艺术公平的占地面积，他们在活动中的收入为4天，等于冬季的收入。因此，确保这一事件的安全和成功的经济和政治重要性对于那些计划的人至关重要。规划安娜堡艺术博览会是一年四季度，这是艺术家展，访客经验和公共安全的微妙平衡。
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Wayfinding /响应
Ann Arbor Art Fair由四个独立的艺术展览会组成，每个展览会都有不同的领导机构和焦点。Ann Arbor艺术博览会的大多数是市中心区内的数百名10×10英尺的艺术家摊位，该展位由最初建于1800年的大型修改的建筑，一直达到现代高升高。
Until 2018, each fair had its own booth numbering system. This lack of consistency posed emergency responder issues along with difficulties in directing visitors to specific booths. Ann Arbor police, fire, and emergency management collectively worked with the four art fair directors to develop a uniform numbering system.
Ann Arbor也很幸运，在其信息技术单元中拥有强大的群体，专门从事地理信息系统（GIS）。GIS单元开发了几种均匀编号系统的迭代;最终版本使用的街头缩写与地址块组合。例如，Booth Li221是在200个自由街（Photo 2）块中。该系统允许紧急响应者在整个公平响应时应用其在城市街道和地址块的制度知识（图1）。
(2)考虑一个统一编号系统，以指导响应者并在调用911时向访问者提供参考点。
Figure 1.Wayfinding
Fire Apparatus Access
Maintaining fire apparatus access is of paramount importance when planning road closures for civic events. The authority having jurisdiction’s adopted fire code will determine the width of fire apparatus access lanes. The city of Ann Arbor has adopted the 2015 International Fire Code®，维护火灾设备的路径20英尺。遮阳篷，椅子，桌子，艺术，雕塑，遮阳伞，盒子，音乐站，植物，袋，货车，发电机，灯台，灯和现金寄存器等项目，不能在这个空间内允许。该市将消防检查员分配到此活动，以确保与会者遵守消防通路和其他火灾和生活安全措施。除了灭火通道外，该事件必须保持最少三英尺的圆周清关，以确保进入。消防栓是强大的执法活动之一，因为椅子，垃圾帐篷和供应商活动可以侵占这个空间。
Because of the concern of vehicle ramming attacks such as those that have occurred in Toronto, Canada, and Nice, France, Ann Arbor has had to reinforce road closures to lessen the threat during the Ann Arbor Art Fair. The same protective measures used to guard against a deliberate attack will also inhibit the response of emergency vehicles.
有各种类型的障碍选项（图2）。Ann Arbor警察局已采取领先地位确定障碍，因为这更像是执法决定。但是，消防元素审查和批准所有障碍的安置。
Figure 2.Types of Barriers
Barrier type and layout are issues not only for fire apparatus access but also for emergency medical services (EMS). In the event of a mass casualty incident (MCI) requiring the transport of a significant number of patients, these barriers will be a hindrance for ingress and egress of transport units. This issue further promotes what has been experienced during numerous active assailant incidents, where most patients have been transported by modes outside of ambulances such as law enforcement vehicles and ride-sharing applications. Responders will not be in a position to stop these modes of transport—the best they can do is anticipate it. However, there are two major issues affecting patient outcomes with these alternative modes of patient transport. First, patients with minor injuries can overwhelm the closest trauma centers before critical patients arrive by EMS. Second, critical patients needing surgical intervention can end up at urgent care and other medical facilities ill-equipped to handle the severe acuity of these injuries. In both scenarios, you may need additional ambulances at these facilities to transport patients to more appropriate facilities.
Altered Response District
在安娜堡，EMS运输由第三方提供商处理。在Ann Arbor Art Fair期间，该公司员工在全地形车辆（ATV）上的多个自行车团队和单位。运营计划是自行车团队将提供初始反应，ATV将患者将患者运送到交叉路口，其中将与先进的救生员支持救护车运输单位进行结合。由于该EMS提供商的覆盖范围增加，Ann Arbor Fire Department（AAFD）实施了一个改变的响应计划，其中消防资源在安娜堡艺术博览会的范围内没有回应医疗紧急情况。
消防部门资源将对心脏逮捕，MCI和EMS要求作出反应。正常的AAFD资源将及时无法达到这些患者。此外，该计划还将消防部门资源维持在全市响应，这也是由于游客涌入的繁忙。
(3)Type 3 barricades with offset Jersey barriers.
(4)Type 3 barricades with metal portable modular vehicle barriers.
(5)3型路障就没有提供任何保护.
Emergency Operations Plan
An emergency operations plan (EOP) is an important piece of the planning process to ensure emergency response agencies and event organizers have a framework off which to work. For the Ann Arbor Art Fair, the top hazards are weather related and include extreme heat, lightning, torrential rain, and severe wind. The EOP includes a weather briefing each morning from the National Weather Service. It is during this briefing that any expected weather hazards are discussed. If weather hazards are anticipated, follow-up briefings are scheduled. The EOP also discusses Ann Arbor’s authority to cancel the event should a weather or security threat arise.
具有明确定义的事件取消过程是EOP中的一个关键规定。Such a decision will have tremendous political consequences, so it is important that administrative and elected leadership agree on the process and mechanisms before you make such a decision.当地和国家紧急管理人员可以是有助于编写EOP的巨大资源。培训和练习也应该进行兽医锻炼。
事件in downtown districts are often signature gatherings for many communities. They are major economic engines and can be a substantial source of civic pride. Fire departments must establish communication with event planners early in the process to discuss fire department concerns and expectations. This is also a terrific opportunity to use the outstanding network of the fire service to reach out to fire departments in other communities to see how they have handled similar events. This can lead to a symbiotic exchange of ideas. Additionally, with the threat of active assailant and vehicle ramming attacks, the fire department’s desire for access can be at odds with law enforcement desires to restrict access. Again, early discussions and cooperation can lead to a safe event.
MICHAEL KENNEDYis a 25-year fire service veteran and chief of the Ann Arbor (MI) Fire Department. He is a CPSE chief fire officer, a Michigan Fire Fighters Training Council instructor II, and a Michigan State Police professional emergency manager. He has a bachelor’s degree in political science from the University of Michigan and a master’s degree in public administration from Eastern Michigan University.
