作者的照片
任何事件指挥官（IC）在火场上遇到的众多挑战之一是跟踪消防员。我的部门可能在消防员的消防员会计方面拥有最先进的技术，这比过去有所改善。1986年，消防员拥有3/4的投票大衣和橡胶靴。只有大约一半的便携式收音机；有振动警报，可以通知消防员的空气较低，并且是电池供电的个人警报安全系统（通行证）警报。
当今的便携式广播比旧的“手持话语”更强大。战术频道是两瓦，但是如果消防员遇到麻烦，他或她可以按下紧急警报按钮（EAB），这将使电源最多可提高五瓦。（1）便携式收音机也是电子火山问责制系统（EFAS）的组成部分。该系统允许实时识别谁发送五月天的电话。它还允许IC在场景上进行快速滚动调用。
EFAS matches data from firefighters’ radios with the Fire Department of New York’s (FDNY) Electronic Riding List (ERL), a list entered each day by company officers, identifying who has which radio and their assigned position. Because each radio has a unique internal code, the EFAS system links that code to the ERL. When a Mayday call comes in, the Mobile Data Terminal screen shows the caller’s name, engine number, and assigned position at the incident. IC can then contact other members of the company who know where that person is supposed to be based on their assignment.
简·杰拉德（Jane Jerrard）：技术符合FDNY问责制
没有改变的一件事是在独立呼吸器（SCBA）上的振动警报。该警报发出了调节器中响亮的噪音，这些噪音很容易被每次工作火灾发生的环境噪声掩盖。这更多的是消防员的自我意识，即他在瓶子的1/4处。45分钟的SCBA含有大约1,800升空气。消防员平均每分钟消耗40升空气。在一个完美的世界中，消防员将有450升空气可用。平均每分钟40升，这使消防员大约有11分钟的空气。这不是现实。还有许多其他因素，例如身体劳累，身体状况，情绪因素和SCBA的状况
振动警报还可以作为对消防员接近的军官或部门负责人的警报，即成员在空中奔跑并应退出IDLH。
问题是消防员有时不会听到警告。他们认为仍然还有六到七分钟的空气，应该可以完成搜索或击倒最后一空房间。
As the safety chief at a recent fire on the 10th floor of a high-rise fireproof multiple dwelling (HRFPMD), it appeared that things were not going well. On my way to the fire, I could hear the handle-talkie transmissions reporting there were problems with water. The elevators were out of service, forcing the firefighters to walk. This resulted in the fire gaining considerable headway inside the cluttered apartment.
在火灾地面上，备用引擎以及一些二合一阶梯公司消防员在火公寓外的走廊拥挤。（2）需要清理走廊。发动机官员从楼梯上移到一半着陆点以节省空气，其余的消防员将门迫使门去了两个相邻的公寓。
在火公寓外面的走廊中，可能会听到一些振动警报在火公寓内部出现。在一两分钟之内，梯子公司军官只与一名消防员一起从公寓里驶出。他强行入学团队的另一名成员失踪了。他传输了一个五月天，救援公司就在火公寓里。他们很快发现他在窗户旁边，一个空的SCBA瓶子喘着粗气。
通行证警报（照片）是操作的，必须手动打开以武装它。我确定我已经忘记了很多次。如果消防员一动不动，则会触发警报。当今的SCBA已将构建的通行设备集成到同一前提下工作的设备本身。如果消防员静止不动20秒，则集成的警报会发出警报，此后12秒钟。这些天的问题是，我们已经对警报不敏感。我们都变得自满了。如今，如果警报周期循环，第一个想法是告诉消防员移动，或者如果您靠近他或她握紧。任何人都不会想到消防员陷入困境。
我们几年前从未听到他们的原因是因为大多数消防员可能从未打开过他们。
在大约30年前的大火中，由于五层楼的多层住宅发生了大火，我们第二次回应。这家阶梯公司在屋顶位置没有经验丰富的消防员。条件是如此严重，以至于当他到达屋顶时，烟雾被烟熏了。大火和烟雾推动了空气和轻轴。（3）他匆忙试图穿越轴，以为这只是一个栏杆。他失去了立足点，从轴上跌落75英尺。他几乎无法给予劳动节，但是他的通行证设备被激活了，我们的屋顶消防员怀疑当他在屋顶上看到他的工具无处可寻，听到了竖井底部的通行证。最终，他被救出并以极为严重的状态被送往医院。
从一开始就一直教他们的SCBA。早在50年代和60年代，SCBA就不是文化的一部分。设备上甚至只有几个SCBA，通常在后面的某个地方被包装。打破我的消防员得知，如果他们到达SCBA瓶中的空气耗尽的地步，他们就可以到达窗户或拥抱地板并把它吸走了。我也了解到，在某些情况下，烟雾是可以忍受的，例如空置的建筑火灾，但我也知道这条线不越过。每当我们在HRFPMD，地下室，商业建筑或任何其他通风问题的火灾中发生火灾时，面部碎片都不会脱落。
我记得有一次有点鲁ck。我们被分配在一场商业大火中检查地下室，洒水装置击倒了大火。地下室看上去很清楚，所以我不怀疑会有问题。当我走到地下室的台阶上时，我感到头晕，立即戴上了我的脸。我刚刚阅读了FDNY培训公告SCBA附录3：
“暴露于1.3％的一氧化碳将在两到三次呼吸中引起无意识，并在几分钟内导致死亡。只有几秒钟的时间暴露于少量的浓度将抑制一个人清楚思考的能力，迅速引起迷失方向，并给人以欣喜的感觉加剧了风险危害”
fdny
I knew that fires extinguished by sprinklers produce an abundance of CO due to incomplete combustion. The CO, which is normally lighter than air, settles in low spots when it cools. That mistake could have been deadly. This is why we should never operate alone, especially in basements.
Back in the day when SCBA was the “demand type,” firefighters could get away with keeping their face piece on their side and when they needed a few breaths, they would put it to their face and took a few hits. SCBAs today are “positive pressure” which makes it difficult for firefighters to cheat. With the positive pressure type, the air flows until you manually hit the shut off switch on top of regulator. I couldn’t even imagine trying to cheat in today’s hostile fire environment; you would just be asking for trouble.
When i was new to the department, I had this notion that firefighting was not nearly as dangerous as SCUBA diving. Smoke was somewhat breathable but not water. I have since changed my thinking entirely. The fire load, which used to be primarily cellulose-based products, is now full of hydrocarbons, producing smoke that is extremely toxic. If firefighter gear is any indication of how bad the smoke is, consider that I once saw a firefighter come out of an apartment who was a brand-new rookie, but his front piece was so black that he looked like he had 20 years in the department.
今天，我们比34年前的几年要领先。
•集成的通行设备
•正压SCBA
• Bunker gear
•Nomex引擎盖
•个人安全带和逃脱绳索
•快速干预团队（RIT）
• Assigned portable radios that are tied into an EFAS
•收音机上的EAB
•电子指挥板
•无人机
你在哪里？
Even with all this advanced technology, we are still missing one thing. A recent fire where a firefighter was low on air a Mayday provides an example. Everything was done textbook. He transmitted the Mayday, identified who he was, his assignment, his company. He activated his EAB. The IC activated the RIT and every effort was made to find him
只有一件事缺少。在整个磨难中提出的问题：“你在哪里？”他告知IC“我在后方”，但仅此而已。
I was walking the trade show floor at FDIC International in 2018 where I stumbled across a small booth. It was a brand-new start up company that had a vision, to track firefighters throughout the building on any floor. It is known as the “ Z”, referring to the floor level inside the building. GPS can give you a location, the X and Y coordinates, but not the Z.
有关的
Improve On-Scene Accountability and Tracking with TaskForceTracker
我遇到了帕特里克·奥康纳（Patrick O’Connor）的首席执行官和瑞安·利特（Ryan Litt）的创新。帕特里克（Patrick）是来自布法罗（Buffalo）西部一个小镇的志愿消防员。他受到火灾的激励，两名消防员丧生，因为在指挥哨所从未收到五月天。五月天被广播流量踩踏，他们仍然被困。帕特里克（Patrick）辞职，抵押了他的房子，并创立了公司。
They developed a wearable device about the size of a cell phone that goes in a firefighter’s bunker pant leg pocket. It is part of a mesh network that hops the data between wearables in order to get the message to the IC outside. It combines inertial, radio frequencies, and GPS to track the firefighter throughout the building. It also stores data so in a sense it becomes a “black box” for firefighters.
When technologies such as this come into the fire service, it will be a game changer. If we are able to know where all the firefighters are at any given time, logic would dictate that we also would know who would be the closest to the firefighter in trouble. If this is the case, why couldn’t the firefighters closest to the firefighter attempt to rescue him or her? There have been instances where other firefighters have been in the area of the down firefighter and they weren’t aware that they were so close.
在罗切斯特理工学院的航拍是制定之前,火fighters would drop what they were doing and address the firefighter in trouble. I’m not advocating this at all. We always need to continue fighting the fire while attempting to rescue the firefighter in need. What I am advocating is that perhaps the IC can use the resources already in the area and then back fill the gaps. Let’s say that the engine on the fire floor is closest. Have the nozzle firefighter and officer maintain the hoseline but have the other firefighters be guided to the downed firefighter. The RIT could bring up any tools or RIT bag needed and assist with the hoseline.
如果是一名消防员被disoriented and not low on air, it would make perfect sense that someone who is monitoring the command board could verbally guide the firefighter to safety. I know firsthand how easy it is to lose your way in a fire. I once spent what felt like an eternity trying to get out of a kitchen in a five-story renovated tenement. It was well into the operation. We started out working on the second floor and eventually wound up cutting the roof. When this happened, I was probably on my second or even third bottle. I was on the top floor when I got lost. I started to search and look for extension in the kitchen when I somehow got turned around. I was going in circles, exasperated, I was losing hope of getting out of this kitchen when I heard a lieutenant from a ladder company calling. I was able to follow his voice and made it out. I was quite embarrassed to have gotten lost in a small kitchen.
我期待任何有助于使我们的消防员更安全的消防员。如果我可以使用“找到我的电话应用程序”或使用类似技术的车钥匙找到我的电话，那么我们应该能够在任何给定时间在整个建筑物中跟踪我们的消防员。
更多Daniel P. Sheridan
