By Clinton Crafton
The most common technical rescue response from coast to coast is vehicle and heavy vehicle extrication. Virtually every fire department deals with some degree of vehicle extrication, from major urban areas to smaller rural districts. As such, extrication is often viewed as a basic skill, learned in fire school and honed on the job. However, many of us only occasionally respond to truly complex and challenging entrapments. Even areas that were once a hotbed of pin-jobs on a Saturday night have seen these incidents decrease dramatically. Engineered solutions such as roundabouts, center divider cables, airbag improvements and supplemental restraints, and legislation to limit distractions in the car have all helped to reduce the number and intensity of accidents in many areas. The result of this is that fire departments may have only a handful of skilled extrication specialists and an abundance of great firefighters looking to them for guidance and instruction on an incident scene. As with anything in the fire service, some will get comfortable with that crutch until it’s not there.
RELATED FIREFIGHTER TRAINING
Training Minutes: Victim’s Arm Pinned Under Vehicle
In the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) system, team members must remember an extraordinary amount of information on top of their normal job responsibilities. Some of those members have the opportunity to train often or dedicate themselves fully to the craft of technical rescue. The vast majority though, don’t enjoy that luxury, and must rely on other tools. Enter the field operations guide (FOG) and the shoring operations guide (SOG), two manuals that every collapse technician will have in their go bag on any deployment. These books are packed with information, charts, diagrams, and references to assist the rescuer in selecting and building shoring of all types and designs. These “cheat sheets” or “crib notes” are the key to success for the many of us that only exercise these skills a few times a year. Is it cheating to rely on such a crutch? Of course not, and no one in the collapse rescue world would fault anyone for grabbing the SOG out of their pocket. More importantly, the victim waiting to be rescued won’t pass any judgment at all when the rescuer confirms their actions with their notes. So why wouldn’t we carry such crib notes for everything we do?
As an instructor for theFDIC International重型车辆动手培训计划，我们的小组经常讨论许多学生中的一个常见主题：倾向于恢复到80年代中期教授的战术和技术。我们的轶事观察是，许多消防部门没有掌握新的技术或实践。取而代之的是，我们在压力时倾向于回到我们的原始训练中（例如，当年轻的消防员将工具固定在全球20位班上的救援人员面前……这种压力！）我们从字面上和精神上回到了基础知识。。让我们面对现实吧，即使在基本的解释中，仍然有太多要记住的。让我们探索口袋里的一些简单的婴儿床笔记如何帮助您下一个解脱。无需在这里幻想；简单的笔记本或一些层压的3×5卡可以解决问题。只需简单的作弊表就您手头所需的信息即可。
在我们努力保持标签的许多事情中，我们面临的第一件事 - 稳定。在我们响应的90％的电话中，一个简单的4×4婴儿床块和楔子将完成这项工作。简单，对吗？只要我们记得在接触点上婴儿床（想想，您会在哪里换一个轮胎？），而不是弱点（塑料），而大多数cri脚的工作都是小菜一碟。但是，当我们在州际公路上面对乘车往返的电话并涉及半卡车时会发生什么？裂缝仍然有效，但比我们大多数人所携带的木材还要多。撑杆怎么样？支柱会在这里节省这一天，对吗？也许，但是您的支柱的能力是什么？流行测验：凌晨2点时，您的支柱的能力是什么，您刚从床上滚下来？ Not so easy to recall all the numbers at that point, right? Let’s look at a couple of easy reference points.
首先，您必须知道要稳定的重量。请记住，我们并不是在稳定时要增加负载，而只是捕获所有动作。请记住，我们的朋友重力实际上正在积极稳定一些（即使不是大多数）体重。只需采取负载的估计重量，然后选择适当的稳定工具来捕获运动。快速扫描Internet将获得大多数车辆重量的近似值。根据您在响应区域中可能遇到的东西，首先要有的婴儿床票可能是车辆重量。
Wood cribbing is the ubiquitous standard for stabilization for many reasons: it’s cheap, it’s readily available, and it has great weight-carrying capacity versus its weight. Many rescuers can tell you that a 2×2 stack of 4×4-inch cribbing will support around 24,000 pounds. But some of those same rescuers will struggle if you ask what the capacity is if we change to 4×6 cribbing. In fact, it remains the same (assuming it’s standing on the 6-inch side), because cribbing capacity is based on the footprint of contact and the general acceptance of 500 psi capacity. While wood can vary from 200 psi to 1,500 psi crush resistance, the general rule of thumb is that Douglas fir and Southern white pine are around 500 psi compressive strength (deflection in the cross grain that results in fiber breakage). If we jump from compressive strength (crushing in the crib stack) to fiber stress in bending (capacity of a crib if it is ‘bridged” across the stack) then we see a whole new set of math and calculations. In fact, many rescuers will struggle with the question of bridging a 4×4 at the top to make contact. Although not the ideal setup for stabilization, there are many circumstances in which that is the best point of capture. Once again, we see a useful application for some crib notes, especially for the instructor who gets thrown a curve ball during extrication training.
Another common form of stabilization that has really changed the game in the last 10 years is lightweight struts. What started as large timbers has now transitioned into metal and composite lightweight struts that can capture tremendous loads in a single or double buttress configuration. As pointed out earlier, the challenge is in knowing what your particular set of struts are capable of supporting. Most manufacturers now post the limits directly on the strut itself, which is very helpful given the fact that capacity changes depending on length of extension and design application. A very basic rule of thumb is that lightweight struts will hold around 5,000-7,000 pounds and pneumatic shores will bump that well into the range of 20,000 pounds or more. Want an easy way to remember what is on your rig at 2 a.m.? Write it down on some crib notes. In fact, crib notes can take this a step further for the instructor waiting for the tough questions on the drill ground. For example, how much weight is on the strut in a leaning car vs. a car on its side? Or how much force is being placed on the strap holding two struts together? A little trigonometry can answer that one for us but it’s not something most of us keep in the forefront of our mind.
当我们看这些物品时，我们意识到这只是冰山一角。技术救援，甚至基本的汽车解脱，充满了复杂性，迫使我们恢复到最低水平的能力（或无意识的能力）。精通技能需要数千小时的培训和实践。根据您选择遵循的研究，它可能需要2,000小时到10,000小时的专用培训。您多久去一次院子剪车？如果您每月一次进行一次，并且整天努力钻探，那么当您达到20周年纪念日时，您可能会处于顶峰。Don’t forget that you also have to stay on top of your firefighting skills, emergency medicine, hazmat, public education, and basic furnace repair (if you have the same customers as us!) Don’t be afraid to stack the deck in your favor. Put some crib notes in your pocket and give yourself the advantage.
到目前为止，我们只研究了稳定，甚至还没有深入研究技术救援的许多学科中的第一个。下次，我们将保持领先地位技术的基础知识。偷看 - 有一些作弊表也将在那里有所帮助！
Clinton Crafton是印第安纳州印第安纳波利斯西北部的Whitestown Fire Department的副行长。克林顿（Clinton）在消防局工作了27年，曾在消防员通过副局长担任过所有职务。一路上，克林顿对消防服务中的技术救援，领导心理学和技术产生了浓厚的兴趣。更多www.advancedrescue.com。
更多的info about theAdvanced Rescue Solutions Instructor Field Guide。
