为安全而奋斗
经过William Shouldis
作者的照片除非指出
事件场景是动态的。解决紧急事件取决于许多事实和因素。在全力危害环境中，持续的案例研究评论以及分享个人经验的现实培训对于改善消防员安全至关重要。准确的现场评估将有助于所有急救人员在紧急情况下升级时了解情况。意识到影响响应者风险的建筑特征至关重要。有关施工类型的信息；框架系统材料；延长燃烧时间对结构稳定性的有害影响；在飓风，地震和暴风雪期间对结构成分作用的外部力量对于做出前线决策至关重要。
There are four sequential steps that proactive fire service leaders at every rank can take that will easily increase operational capabilities. Strict code enforcement, regular preincident planning, modification of the size of the initial dispatch capabilities, and ongoing scene size-up are minimum requirements for any public safety organization. Each type of structure reacts differently when it faces the furies of nature. Knowledge of how structures are built is the basis on which an incident commander orders resources, selects a strategy, implements tactics, positions apparatus, and uses special equipment. Each type of construction has positive and negative features that can influence operations. Understanding the weaknesses of a building reduces the likelihood of judgment errors that can result in a serious or fatal injury.
(1) Size-up is a continuous process performed by all responders. An effective plan of action is based on life safety and construction concerns. Photo by Jack Wright, Fireman’s Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Click to enlarge
实际上，在占据结构后将进行翻新。建筑物最终成为材料的混合物。几十年后，大多数建筑物已成为结构框架和完成的结合，以满足乘员的需求。对于急救人员，拥有许多隐藏空间的建筑物将创造一个非常危险的环境。
(2) Mixed construction materials and methods have changed the rules of emergency response. Reading a building takes into consideration wall and floor construction materials.Click to enlarge
The fire service has different ways of classifying buildings. The International Building Code, developed by the International Code Council (ICC), has been adopted in most regions of the United States. Chapter 6 lists the types of construction, and controls the classification of buildings as to type of construction with respect to occupancy and exterior fire separation distance. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) examines general construction categories. The NFPA system can be used to predict how a building most likely will react during a man-made or natural event. With an awareness of the building codes, building materials, and construction techniques, first responders can gain a better understanding of strengths, weaknesses, characteristics, hazards, and collapse potential of various structures.
（3）现代建筑特征包括落地玻璃外墙。如果玻璃被除去或失败，则会产生重大危险。消防员很容易从未受保护的边缘掉落。Click to enlarge
国际建筑法规有一项一般规定，该规定将可燃和不可抑制的建筑物组成。NFPA 220，建筑类型的标准，涉及建筑物建设和紧急响应。历史表明，建筑物的类型显着影响火场活动。最常用的模型构建代码细分为五种基本类型：
类型1.防火。
类型2。不可固定/有限的可燃。
类型3。普通。
类型4。重型木材。
类型5。帧。
为安全的斗争植根于对每种类型的建筑结构的深入了解。
威廉·诺斯蒂斯（William Nightis）退休，担任费城消防局副局长，在那里任职超过34年。他的任务包括直接为劳动关系和问责制问题负责，并担任该市一半的野战指挥官，部门安全官员，培训主管和有害物质工作队负责人。他是费城圣约瑟夫大学研究生院（宾夕法尼亚州），国家消防学院和紧急管理学院的教练。188博金宝体育1他拥有公共安全硕士学位。可以通过电子邮件与他联系WShouldis@gmail.com。
Subjects:建筑施工意识，用于消防，消防决策188金博网网址多少
