由马克·沃特斯（Mark Waters）
Each day across the United States, fire departments respond to calls for service that I will term “everyday calls.” Everyday calls are plentiful and can be broken down into many types of incidents, including emergency medical services (EMS), water emergencies, utility emergencies, brush fires, car fires, automobile accidents, natural gas or propane leaks, electrical fires, and heating or appliance fires, to name a few. Handling these types of incidents safely often requires a strong background and experience in each particular type of incident.
一种类型的“日常通话”消防员经常被派出为炉火，地下室烟雾或炉子适得其反。随着天气从凉爽变为寒冷，美国东北部的这种电话开始增加。原因之一是炉子常常几个月没有运行。另一个原因可能是炉子尚未正确维护。
消防员在回应油炉紧急情况时应意识到并准备应对异常情况。一种这种情况也是一种相对罕见的事件类型，通常称为“白色幽灵”。我首先通过纽约营长弗兰克·蒙塔格纳（Frank Montagna）关于该主题的文章了解了这一现象（“The White Ghost,”Training Notebook,188金宝搏是正规吗，1995年5月）。
All firefighters should be aware of its signs and symptoms so they can protect themselves and the public. The white ghost occurs when ignition fails to ignite the oil, which is then ignited by the high heat of the combustion chamber. This is extremely dangerous because the vapor is explosive and will fill the basement, room, floor, and so on with this vapor. It will seek an ignition source; if one is found, it may cause an explosion. It can also be very noisy and sound similar to an overheated boiler (which can explode if water is added to its combustion chamber). To mitigate this condition, use a hoseline with a fog stream to disperse vapors, if necessary, to reduce the chance of ignition. Do not put water in the combustion chamber; this can do more harm than good and could unnecessarily spread the explosive vapor.
白色幽灵事件
幸运的是，在我第一次经历之前，我已经读过这种情况。我的公司已经到达现场，据报道地下室有烟雾。到达后，我们发现空置的烟囱和前门有白色的灰色烟雾。进入时，我们发现一楼和地下室被烟雾烟。我在此事件上的最初策略是让消防员戴上口罩，将霍斯线伸向地下室楼梯间，将炉子固定在地下室楼梯顶部，进入地下室，找到炉子，固定燃料（油），出口，退出，出口结构，并使用正压风扇进行通风。
After about 20 minutes of ventilating, we reentered the structure and metered; carbon monoxide levels were still high. We exited and continued to ventilate. As I conducted my continuing size-up, I noticed that a large amount of dense white, grayish smoke was still coming from the chimney. We ventilated another 20 minutes and reentered the basement area, which was now clear. I observed that the furnace was still chugging, and we could hear a roaring noise around the flue. I had my crew stand back approximately 15 feet and called for a dry chemical extinguisher to the basement. One minute later, I heard a roar and watched a 10-foot fireball come out of the draft door on the vent pipe (photo 1). Firefighters outside later told me that they saw flames blowing out of the top of the chimney, making it look like a chimney fire. I had my crew extinguish the fire with a dry chemical extinguisher. I had them take the top of the furnace apart to complete extinguishing the fire.
（1）
值得庆幸的是，我想起了我在白人幽灵上读过的信息，我们采取了适当的预防措施，并采用了有效的策略和策略。对我这一事件而言，有趣的一点是，该事件发生在炉子关闭后45分钟。白鬼的其他事件被描述为烟雾从黑色变为白色的突然变化。在此事件中，我们观察到了迅速点燃的白色灰色烟雾。我们推测发生后火（在燃烧器被关闭后发生燃烧室中的合并大火）发生并变成白色幽灵。
Firefighters should be vigilant in considering that this condition may be present and be cautious about introducing oxygen into this oxygen-starved atmosphere. In this incident, we used positive- pressure ventilation. The photo shows that ventilation had concluded and the basement was clear. We learned from this incident that anytime the potential for a white ghost exists, it should be treated as a gas leak. Using fire department tactics for gas leaks are effective in these situations because of the similarities and explosive possibilities that exist. Protecting firefighters with a hoseline is also essential not only for extinguishing the fire but also for dissipating the vapor cloud to lower the chance of ignition.
***
消防员通常应该谈论日常呼叫的策略和策略。很多时候，我们认为这些类型的事件是理所当然的，因为我们认为它们是常规的。如果基本安全规则，准确的规模，有效的策略和策略以及适当的设备不使用来减轻这些类型的紧急情况，则它们可能远非常规。培训和经验对于确保积极成果至关重要。
马克·沃特斯has been in the fire service for more than 20 years and serves as a career lieutenant with the New London (CT) Fire Department. He is also an adjunct fire instructor for the Connecticut Fire Academy. He is a graduate of the National Fire Academy’s Executive Officer Program and holds a master’s degree in executive fire service leadership.
