超越经验法则
生存技巧30
史蒂芬·德·丽西（Steven de Lisi）
In the以前的危险材料生存小费, we looked at a list of 10 common errors committed by first responders during hazardous materials incidents. This list was compiled during my more than 25 years in the fire service, many of which were spent directly training first responders on how to avoid becoming victims during these types of events. This month’s column provides some examples of how first responders, despite having received adequate training, either got into trouble or had a near-miss, usually during the first few minutes after arriving on-scene. The intent here is to learn from their experiences and prevent similar occurrences. The next Survival Tip will present examples of how first responders were able to successfully avert disaster when faced with serious hazardous material incidents and ensure their safe return home.
1.一家发动机公司回应了一份包含危险材料的倾覆卡车的报告。到达后，他们没有发现卡车内容物的释放，但他们观察到车辆的燃油箱泄漏。想要为泄漏燃料造成的可能的火灾做好准备，他们正确地铺设了，并在准备就绪的消防员身上为预先连接的处理方法充电。不幸的是，火器设备停在倾覆的卡车旁边。当被问及为什么他们如此亲密时，他们回答说，最长的预连接线只有200英尺长。他们可以通过停车几百英尺，并用封闭式的Wye停车并建立三英寸的供应线（卡车上有1,000英尺的三英寸），而不是这种方法，而是大大提高了安全性然后可以附上。
2. A local fire department was conducting a critique of a recent incident involving an overturned cargo tank hauling highly flammable inks. This was an extremely dangerous situation: The tanker rolled onto its left side as it crossed two lanes of travel at high speed on an interstate route, landing in a grassy median area. There was minimal release of product, and the cargo tank and tractor were successfully removed several hours later from the scene. During the incident, numerous photographs were taken; they were included as a slide presentation during the critique session. One photo was of particular interest to all in attendance, as it clearly showed several caps from road flares (used by the first-arriving police officers to block the left lane of travel closest to the overturned vehicle) situated on the roadway in close proximity to the cargo tank. First responders, including those from law enforcement, fire, and EMS agencies, must always look for clues regarding the involvement of flammable liquids during a hazardous materials incident. In this case, clues included several flammable liquid placards clearly visible on the rear of the cargo tank.
3. EMS机组人员对涉及一名成年男性“感觉不舒服”的事件做出了回应。病人生病后下班回家。EMS人员的评估没有透露任何疾病的理由，因此决定将患者运送到医院进行进一步评估。到达医院后，就读医生是恶心和呕吐的。然后据了解，当天早些时候，患者以需要材料的高架涂抹的方式在工作中喷洒了化学物质，并且他的衣服已经暴露于大量的过度涂料中。在运输之前，这些信息尚未向医务人员透露，他们在患者生病之前未能询问患者的活动。当病人到达医院时，病人仍然穿着受污染的工作服装。除了患者和第一响应者所遭受的负面影响外，这一事件还可能污染医院急诊室（ER）。但是，在看到救护车后面的第一响应者呕吐时，ER人员意识到这不是一个好兆头，在允许他们进入室内之前，有急救人员和患者进行了污染。
4.第一响应者收到了传票in court as a witness for the prosecution regarding an incident that involved the use of several homemade incendiary devices. Several glass soft drink bottles had been filled with a flammable liquid and outfitted with rags stuffed into the bottle openings. The rags were then ignited and thrown at a single-family residence. The devices failed to work as intended, and first responders needed only to extinguish small grass fires in the areas where the devices had landed. The prosecuting attorney had learned from a police officer that the first responder had positively identified the material inside the devices as “gasoline.” When the prosecutor asked how this determination had been made, the first responder replied that he had “sniffed it.” The first responder did not appear in court. Besides the potential for the first responder to suffer immediate health problems, there is always the possibility of long-term effects from exposure, some of which may not become evident for years. The best solution for this incident would have been for law enforcement to take a sample of the material as evidence for laboratory analysis.
5. A highway cargo tank overturned while traveling along an interstate highway exit ramp. The vehicle came to rest on its side. Prior to any effort to upright the vehicle, a decision was made to offload the product. However, after learning that the material would need to be heated for this to be accomplished, it was determined that the vehicle would be recovered while still fully loaded. Rather than consult with the company that owned the vehicle for its assistance in contracting with a vehicle recovery service, the local fire chief instead allowed law enforcement personnel to contact the next wrecker service on its standard rotation list of available companies. The first wrecker driver on-scene was not capable of conducting a vehicle recovery of this magnitude; but rather than relinquish the job, he subcontracted to another company who owned inflatable air bags. However, this company had just received the bags and was unsure of how to use them. Like the first wrecker driver, he was unwilling to give up the job, and so he in turn subcontracted with another company for an individual who could provide on-scene direction for use of the new air bags. Total cost for the recovery bill was in excess of $10,000. In addition to the excessive cost, had the wrecker driver decided to use the air bags without consulting someone knowledgeable about their operation, the tank could have been severely damaged during efforts to upright it, with the potential for a major release of product along with serious injuries, or worse, to anyone nearby. The trucking company indicated that it had standing contracts with experienced wrecker services for these types of incidents and was frustrated that it had never been consulted regarding plans for recovery efforts.
6.当地消防队长叫一个周一早上for assistance in disposing of a “red bag” suspected of containing medical waste. He indicated that the bag had been found during the weekend along an interstate median by one of his medic units while it was returning from a hospital run. Wanting to be good citizens and prevent potential harm to their community from the bag’s contents, the crew of the medic unit removed the bag from the scene. When questioned as to the current location of the bag, the chief replied that he had found it in his office when he came to work that day. Remember that on most occasions, whoever owns the property where abandoned hazardous materials are located is also responsible for the removal of the material. In this case, the property owner was the state highway department, and it already had contracts with cleanup companies to handle situations such as this. First responders just never called them.
7.在危险材料事件中，首次派遣发动机公司的成员刚刚完成了培训，在那里他们学习了包括受害者全面沐浴露的紧急净化程序，然后脱掉了个人的衣服，然后再进行另一次全面的沐浴露。他们使用来自设备的螺旋线进行练习，并对自己有能力以最小的延迟来执行这项重要任务。到达这一事件时，他们遇到了一辆盒子卡车，后门从后门泄漏了一小撮易燃液体。他们遇到了卡车司机，他指出，在他们到达之前，他试图打开门以调查泄漏的来源，在此过程中，他手上得到了一些液体。听到驾驶员用危险材料污染的污染，并记住他们最近的训练，他们立即用助推器线浸入了驾驶员，脱下了所有的衣服，再次浸入了他。在这里没有试图将其行为进行第二次猜测，因为有人可能会认为，第一响应者在怀疑需要积极干预的全身污染的情况下采取了适当的行动。但是，我们必须始终牢记试图使我们的侵略性与常识之间取得平衡。在这种情况下，彻底洗手可能就足够了。
8.从当地的一家承包商供应公司接到了电话，该公司表明其装载码头的一般送货卡车正在泄漏从卡车侧面泄漏出来的清晰液体。驾驶员告诉他们一个推翻的五加仑水桶是释放的根源，所涉及的材料不是危险的材料。最初在现场到达的第一响应者被驾驶员的评论陷入了错误的安全感。他们和驾驶员一起进入了盒子卡车进一步调查。当他们质疑为什么他们允许自己离释放的来源如此近时，他们回答说，材料是“仅” 9级危险材料，他们认为这意味着它只是一种“杂项”，没有真实的材料对人的伤害的潜力。尽管它们是正确的，因为该事件中涉及的材料不如其他材料，例如液体氧化剂或易燃固体，但所有化学物质，无论是否受运输部为危险材料的调节，都有可能损害人，财产和环境。他们的侦察任务几乎没有收获，尤其是没有使用任何防护服。该问题属于卡车运输公司，第一响应者的最佳方法是隔离该区域，防止泄漏产品扩散到附近的雨水排水沟，并让该公司聘请清理承包商从 ground and the inside of the truck. We must always strive to avoid becoming part of any problem, especially when there is little to be gained from our intervention.
点击这里有关史蒂文·德里西（Steven de Lisi）书的更多信息，危险材料事件：生存初始响应。
史蒂文·M·德里西（Steven M. de Lisi）在消防职业生涯跨越27年后退休，包括担任弗吉尼亚火灾部门（VDFP）的区域培训经理，最近，最近担任弗吉尼亚航空警卫消防救援队副局长。De Lisi是一位危险材料专家，也是VDFP的兼职讲师。他继续开展危险的材料意识和操作级别的训练计划，以进行抑制和EMS人员。德里西（De Lisi）于1982年以纽波特新闻（VA）消防局的Hazmat团队成员的身份开始了他的危险材料回应的职业生涯。从那以后，他还曾担任弗吉尼亚紧急管理部的危险材料官。他以这种身份为涉及危险材料事件的第一响应者提供了现场援助，其中包括20多个地方管辖区。
