After starting项目五月天在2015年，我们现在正在完成学习的第五年梅德，消防员，公司官员和事件指挥官（ICS），尤其是关于他们的回答，行动，错误和决策。我们还学会了who，，，，什么，，，，在哪里，，，，什么时候，，，，and如何of the more than 6,438 Maydays that have occurred. They are reported to us by fire departments and victims by phone, e-mail, and text; some state fire marshals forward us their reports. We then send out a three-part survey and do a follow-up phone call with a victim, IC, or safety or training officer. Over the years, we see trends and patterns develop that give us the information we need to prevent many Maydays. This article reviews some of this information as well as some of our recommendations in preventing Maydays.
相关的消防员培训
Every Second Matters in a Flashover
Walton: Mayday, Mayday, Mayday…
处理五五月天：消防人员的关键角色
Standard Operating Procedures
When it comes to calling a Mayday, rapid intervention teams (RITs), communications, and incident command, everything starts with standard operating procedures (SOPs). These SOPs are written using National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards as guidelines. They are written with good intent, but they should be tested before implementation and, if need be, revised. Once they are implemented, train on them to meet and match their criteria. Make sure you define procedural actions, when to establish the RIT, and the functions of the RIT group supervisor. Units assigned as the RIT should maintain their normal identifiers. If you use crews in close proximity to the Mayday, they must provide their supervisor with actions to consider or take as well as a Conditions, Actions, and Needs (CAN) report.
此外，定义“快速解释”和“扩展操作”之间的差异。告诉五月受害者您要他做什么，以及在确认五月天时应该期望的。如果有任何缺陷或问题，请立即修复它们。SOP的最重要方面是必须执行它们。我们经常忽略问题或让他们滑动，以为它们会消失或修复自己；通常情况并非如此。公司官员通常是第一个看到这些违规行为并应纠正它们的人。
图1. Maydays（职业）的伤害
另外，请确保将消防部门代表分配给每个运输成员作为家庭的联络，并提倡适当的护理。为直接受影响的成员提供救济。您希望五月天受害者传递到IC什么信息？至少，这应该包括他的单位，等级和姓名；对情况的描述；他的位置；以及他剩下多少空气。
始终如一地练习，执行和加强您的成员最重要的SOP，并解释为什么应该在第一次正确完成SOP；您的同伴消防员依靠它。这些SOP的一致练习很重要，因为您每次需要它们都需要相同的结果。一个错过的步骤可能意味着救援与恢复之间的区别。至少每三年审查SOP，确保将最新的NFPA标准作为指南，以及新的培训和技术。
训练
将您的培训基于SOP，并涵盖自我救援和RIT操作。您的第一步是通过涉及初始和复习培训来制定培训计划，并使用相同的讲师编写和交付该计划。在您的消息中保持一致性很重要。更重要的是一致性答案给出成员的问题，以便他们理解您的信息。
接下来，严格遵循SOP的初步培训应在课堂和培训场上进行。包括营长在内的每个人都必须参加，以便他们完全了解五月天的受害者经历以及自我救援的困难，其机组人员和其他室内人员对营救的重要性以及RIT可能面临的问题。您还需要从其他部门开发，建立或借用道具。
Other important aspects in your training should involve using sound effects such as smoke alarms, low-air alarms, and personal alert safety system (PASS) units. Conduct your training in smoky, zero-voltage, and zero-visibility conditions (71 percent of Maydays occur at nighttime). Also, train on separating a down firefighter from his self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)/PASS unit, and practice removal techniques using various pieces of equipment such as the face piece, regulator, and harness.
Every Monday,项目五月天supports Mayday station training, discussions among firefighters, walk-throughs, and practical exercises that include a more intense self-rescue and RIT training regimen each May. Also, review Maydays in your department, area, region, or state, and then replicate these Maydays and the challenges they present.
我们最重要的培训领域之一是培训公司官员指挥五月天。34％的五十四名发生在营长到达之前。不管喜欢与否，公司官员都在“热门座位”中，因此请确保他们经过培训可以表演并做对了。在我们对许多公司官员的采访中，他们认为他们不准备处理资源有限的五月天。
通讯
Let’s start with response. During your training, play some of your good and bad radio reports and have students tell you what was missing or wrong in the call. Practice size-up procedures and 360° walk-arounds with students and then ask them if anything during the tactic was missing or forgotten from their initial report.
我们听到的一件事在讨论itial radio reports is the use of verbiage that doesn’t inform command or anyone else on the fireground. If we say, “E6 to command, we have heavy smoke, moderate heat conditions,” or “E10 to command, we have moderate smoke and light heat conditions,” then we need to be more exact with our interior radio reports. Often, what we hear is, “We have heavy smoke and moderate heat.” What do those definitions look like?
Another example would be, “E6 to command, we have thick black smoke under pressure at our waist, shot the thermal imaging camera (TIC) at the ceiling, and have 500°F+,” or “E10 to command, we have brown smoke to the floor, shot a TIC to the ceiling, and have 350+F°.” This tells more to command than any other descriptions, especially since they can’t see what’s going on inside. So, make sure to confirm all of your communications; it’s the only way to know that all are on the same page. This holds true for Maydays, 35.6 percent of which are missed on their first call.
最后，考虑对“ E-1-6”等关键短语的更好说明，而不是“ E16”；“ L-4-3”，而不是“ L43”；和“三角洲的一面”，而不是“ D侧”。联邦航空管理局和美国空军多年来一直使用这些（即“跑道2-4”，而不是“ 24”），以避免任何误解。
类型的五月
截至2019年底，Maydays的类型及其发生水平如下：
- Lost/Separated from hoseline: 21.6 percent (1,391).
- 落入地下室：19.6％（1,262）。
- Air problems: 19.3 percent (1,242).
- 屋顶跌落：15.3％（985）。
- Explosion/Collapse, Medical, Other, No Communication: 14.6 percent (940).
- 纠缠：9.6％（618）。
这些可能发生在以下占领中：
- Residential: 43.5 percent.
- Commercial: 41.7.
- Multioccupancy: 14.8 percent.
丢失，没有进入螺旋线。These Maydays occur when crews enter the structure without hose. There are many reasons to conduct this task such as faster crew deployment, easier search operations, and the ability to multitask. I’m not a fan of entering burning structures without a hoseline, which is to say that onewill被带进来。如果此任务是一种培训惯例或例行工作，则工作人员应该对此操作感到满意。但是，如果它不是日常工作的一部分，请不要练习。
与霍斯线分离。My department’s Mayday victims have said that the reason they got off the line was to search a larger area more quickly or to split the crew into smaller numbers to conduct faster, more thorough searches. We need to rethink our tactics as they relate to large homes (5,600 square feet or larger) and commercial structures. Sometimes, we use a residential mentality in fighting commercial structure fires, which usually gets us in trouble.
我们的许多五月天消防员还告诉我们，他们经常没有软管，要求延伸线，这不是一个好主意，因为这意味着您将在没有水的情况下着火。始终将结构的尺寸尺寸尺寸，然后问问自己，在发动机和入口之间（在发动机和入口之间）将留多少软管，然后询问您必须进行多少搜索。请记住，如果出现问题，霍斯线将作为您的出口标记。
Falls into the basement/trapped。这些电话的发生百分比如下：
- Floor above basement (collapsed): 43.2 percent.
- 地下（孔）上方：32.9％。
- 地下室/楼梯倒塌：14.1％。
- 在地板/天花板倒塌下：7.8％。
地下室在360期间可见°尺寸。Many things work against us during structure fires; it’s the unknown that often gets us into trouble. For instance, delayed discovery + delayed notification = sometimes delayed response. If you conduct a 360° size-up, can you see basement windows and, if so, are they heat-stained, cracking, or discolored? Using a TIC wouldn’t help much in identifying a fire or its size.
Also, we often enter these structures standing up, especially when there is smoke to the floor, which is when we should be crawling. When we crawl, we see or feel things such as floor discoloration, ash-hardened rug fibers, and smoke coming off the rug that indicate a fire is below us. Wood and tile floors give off indicators as well, so probe the floor ahead of you.
Again, we don’t often have enough hose to cover the entire basement or any protection line at the top of the stairs leading to the basement. Ensure the area of attack has enough hose at the top to make a difference. Often, opening the door at the basement entrance will change the flow path.
另一个问题是，许多地下室都有多个校区。在我们的调查中，我们发现有40％的五月天受害者落在地下室，落在他们的背上，因此，他们的SCBA圆柱体造成了背部伤害。我们还发现，这些五月天的受害者中有89％的受害者也失去了脸部的印章。有些人努力进行重新密封，尤其是那些参与火焰撞击的人。确保确定楼梯底部的火灾状况。我们所做的一次培训是地下室五月天的受害者去除。
掉进屋顶或关闭屋顶。这些电话的发生百分比如下：
- 屋顶旅行：57.6％。
- 通风点：25.9％。
- 跌倒在屋顶或梯子上：16.4％。
当您不探究屋顶或寻找阁楼上的火迹象时，屋顶旅行是危险的。此外，晚上有88％的屋顶操作发生，使本来已经危险的操作更加如此。此外，有70％的五月天受害者落入了after子。只有17％的人可以自我屈服于洞中。而且，27％的人受伤，主要来自小腿上的烧伤。此外，有77％的五月天受害者的脸部被脱落，必须重新密封。这些可能的阳台超过56％发生在车库和门廊上。这些区域不是很好的设计或绝缘。结果，大多数受害者很难进入广播。最好的做法是打孔或踢过天花板，以提醒船员在您的位置下方。
One of the most difficult rescues is an unconscious firefighter or one with serious injuries stuck in the rafters. It will take a four-, six-, or eight-person RIT with ladders, hooks, and chain saws to aid in the rescue. However, our biggest problem is putting too many people on the roof; there can be no spectators as members cut the hole and move to get off the roof!
Air issues.这些电话的发生百分比如下：
- Low on air (< 500 psi): 48.8 percent.
- Out of air (0 psi): 40.4 percent.
- 其他：10.8％。
几件事影响了我们对空气的使用，包括年龄，体重，一般健康，大小，健身和压力水平以及工作强度。重要的是要教消防员不同的呼吸技术，例如呼吸盒，稻草呼吸，跳过呼吸等，以节省空气。请记住，每次我们打破面部片密封时，我们都会吸入气体和烟雾，这将引起我们最大的健康问题。如果您拥有SCBAS的新NFPA标准版本，请了解“三分之一规则”，数据记录和通过单元操作（声音/警报）。
ho积结构参与了我们的781个五月日，造成了各种问题。请记住，所有部门都应该有这些结构的SOP，因此请放慢脚步，确保您有真正的出口手段，并且不要与人和水过多。九个路由行动中的一个将有一个五月天的电话，这通常是他们回应的最严重的事件。确保您有RIT的RIT。确保使用正确的设备准备RIT，以进行五月天的响应，并可以在精神上进行表演。
当您是时候打电话给五月天的时候，问自己：我对RIT的救援有多舒适？
DONALD ABBOTT从凤凰城退休(AZ)消防部门,在哪里he developed and managed the Command Training Center for eight years. For the past four years, he has been coordinator of Project Mayday, for which he has traveled around the country presenting the “Abbottville” training simulator diorama to train emergency responders in emergency incidents and disasters. Abbott retired from a career fire department in Marion County, Indiana, after 24 years of service.
